National Bureau of Economic Research

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected different subgroups of the population, based on race, ethnicity, and income, in different ways.  In a new study using individual death records from the state of California, NBER Research Associates Janet Currie of Princeton University, Hannes Schwandt of Northwestern University, and Till von Wachter of UCLA, along with several collaborators, document the disparate impact of the pandemic on life expectancy for individuals who reside in locations with different median incomes. This research, which was funded by the National Institute of Aging and
the National Center for Translational Science, finds substantial variation across income strata, with a much larger drop in life expectancy between 2019 and 2021 in low-income than high-income areas. Schwandt summarizes these findings in the video above. NBER maintains an archive of videos on pandemic-related research.

US house prices fell by 34 percent between 2006 and 2012. But the downturn was more severe in some parts of the country than in others. For example, home values in Phoenix and Las Vegas dropped by 46 and 60 percent, respectively. In contrast, house prices in Pittsburgh and Buffalo didn’t fall at all, instead increasing by 5 and 6 percent over this time period.  

How did the overall housing downturn, and the associated Great Recession, affect mental health among older adults? In Economic Crises and Mental Health: Effects of the Great Recession on Older Americans (NBER Working Paper 29817), David M. Cutler and Noémie Sportiche show that consequences varied with financial stability and race. To…

Three new working papers distributed in the last two weeks report on the economic, health, and related consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and public policies that respond to it.  Two investigate the impact of vaccine mandates, one focusing on how vaccine mandates on college campuses affected the number of COVID-19 cases (30303), the other estimating the impact of mandates that federal employees and workers at some private sector firms receive vaccinations (30339).  Another study explores how mobile money transfers in Ghana during the pandemic affected household economic behavior as well as social distancing (30309).

More than 585 NBER working papers have addressed various aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic. These papers are open access and have been collected for easy reference. Like all NBER papers, they are circulated for discussion and comment, and have not been peer-reviewed. View the papers in reverse chronological order or filter by topic area.

The wealth gap between White and Black Americans is nearly as large today as it was in the 1950s.

In Wealth of Two Nations: The US Racial Wealth Gap, 1860–2020 (NBER Working Paper 30101), Ellora Derenoncourt, Chi Hyun Kim, Moritz Kuhn, and Moritz Schularick construct a time series of the ratio of White-to-Black per capita wealth spanning a century and a etc...

Individual records from the 1950 US Census were publicly released on April 1, 2022. Economic historians had been waiting for this day for 10 years. This data source, like the individual-level data from earlier censuses, makes it possible to locate the information reported by a specific person.

I found the records for my grandparents along with those for my mother, who was born in December 1949. They lived in rural Lincoln County, Kentucky. My grandfather, Bernard Camenisch, born in Kentucky to a Swiss father, worked 92 hours the previous week as a dairy farmer. A decade earlier, in the 1940 Census, he was living with his father, also a farmer; he worked 60 hours the week prior to answering that census survey. My grandmother Dorothy was a “sample line respondent,” and so…

Forty percent of US workers have access to employer-provided short-term disability insurance (STDI). This insurance generally pays benefits to disabled workers during the five-month waiting period between disability onset and when Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) benefits can commence. By providing income during the waiting period, STDI may encourage more disabled workers to apply for SSDI, leading to more SSDI awards. However, employers who offer STDI have a stronger financial incentive to offer accommodations to disabled workers to help them to remain on the job instead of taking up STDI benefits, which could reduce SSDI applications and awards.

Examining the effect of STDI access on SSDI applications and awards is challenging, since workers with and without STDI access may differ in ways that affect…

In Private or Public Equity? The Evolving Entrepreneurial Finance Landscape (NBER Working Paper 29532), Michael Ewens and Joan Farre-Mensa survey the changes in the US entrepreneurial finance market over the last two decades. Their study begins by describing the differences between publicly listed and private firms, and then explores how several regulatory, technological, and competitive changes affecting both startups and investors have affected the costs and benefits of going public. The paper emphasizes the growing costs of the disclosures required of public firms, and also observes that major technological changes have reduced the initial capital investment…