The Intersection of Place and Need: How Lack of Enrollment Offices Deters Participation in the Safety Net

We thank Anna Aizer, Joseph Doyle, Eric English, Jessie Handbury, Damon Jones, Katherine Meckel, Robert Moffitt, Maya Rossin-Slater, Diane Schanzenbach, and James Ziliak for helpful comments as well as seminar participants at the Tax Policy and the Economy conference, the Institute for Research on Poverty Summer Workshop, the University of Colorado Denver, the National Tax Association, the Utah/BYU joint seminar series, the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center, the University of San Francisco, and the Opportunity and Inclusive Growth Institute at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. We thank Seojung Oh, Alec Erb, Kristine Thomas, Elizabeth Cox, and Paige Rowberry for helpful research assistance. This research was supported by USDA-ERS Cooperative Agreement 58-4000-8-0049-R, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under Award Number R01HD0938898, the National Science Foundation (NSF) under Award Number 2417856, and a Tufts/UConn RIDGE Grant. The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and should not be construed to represent any official USDA or US government determination or policy and should not be interpreted as those of NIH, NSF, or Ridge. Any opinions and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not represent the views of the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau has ensured appropriate access and use of confidential data and has reviewed these results for disclosure avoidance protection (Project 7517251: (CBDRB-FY25-0333)). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.