Target Zones with Limited Reserves

Like a fixed exchange rate, a target zone system may be subject to speculative attacks when the reserves of the central bank are limited. This
paper analyzes such speculative attacks and their implications; it shows that the recently developed "smooth pasting" model of target zones should be viewed as a special case that emerges only when reserves are sufficiently large. The paper then uses the target zone framework to resolve a seeming paradox in predicting speculative attacks on a gold standard, arguing that such a standard may best be viewed as the boundary between one-sided target zones.