We thank Victoria Barone, Marianne Bitler, Brantly Callaway, Daniel Dench, Chloe East, Melanie Guldi, Tami Gurley, Lauren Hoehn-Velasco, Krzysztof (Chris) Karbownik, Michelle Marcus, Emily Oster, Analisa Packham, Heather Royer, Aparna Soni, Joanna Venator, Barton Willage, and Katie Yewell, as well as seminar participants at Georgia State University, Lafayette College, University of Kansas, UNC-Chapel Hill, University of Notre Dame, University of Oklahoma, University of Texas-San Antonio, the Southeastern Health Economics Study Group, Atlanta Public Policy and Children's Well-Being Workshop, ASSA 2024 Annual Meeting, ASHEcon 2024 Conference, Southern Economics Association 2023 Conference, 2024 Annual Health Economics Conference, Workshop on Early Investments, Family Well-Being, and Child Development (Rødvig, Denmark), Society of Economics of the Household 2025 Conference, and the University of Georgia Health Economics Brown Bag for helpful comments. We thank Victoria Bethel for excellent research assistance. We also gratefully acknowledge the PRAMS Working Group and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for providing data access. The findings and conclusions in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Center for Health Statistics Research Data Center or the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Some analyses presented in this article are based on data from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System Child Files, FFY 2002-2021. These data were provided by the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect at Cornell University, and have been used with permission. The data were originally collected under the auspices of the Children's Bureau, Department of Health and Human Services, with original funding provided by the Children's Bureau, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, Administration for Children and Families, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The collector of the original data, the funder, NDACAN, Cornell University, Duke University, and the agents or employees of these institutions bear no responsibility for the analyses or interpretations presented here. The information and opinions expressed reflect solely the opinions of the authors. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
