State-Building in a Diverse Society
Diversity can pose fundamental challenges to state-building and development. The Tanzanian Ujamaa policy—one of post-colonial Africa’s largest state-building experiments—addressed these challenges by resettling a diverse population in planned villages, where children received political education. We combine differences in exposure to Ujamaa across space and age to identify long-term impacts of the policy. Analysis of contemporary surveys shows persistent, positive effects on national identity and state legitimacy. Exposed cohorts are also more likely to marry across ethnic lines. Our preferred interpretation, supported by evidence that considers alternative hypotheses, is that changes to educational content drive our results. Our findings also point to trade-offs associated with state-building: while the policy contributed to establishing the new state as a legitimate central authority, simultaneously it lowered demands for democratic accountability.
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Copy CitationRuth Carlitz, Ameet Morjaria, Joris M. Mueller, and Philip Osafo-Kwaako, "State-Building in a Diverse Society," NBER Working Paper 30731 (2022), https://doi.org/10.3386/w30731.Download Citation
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Published Versions
Ruth Carlitz & Ameet Morjaria & Joris Mueller & Philip Osafo-Kwaako, 2025. "State Building in a Diverse Society," Review of Economic Studies, vol 92(6), pages 3704-3740.
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