Part of this research was conducted as a part of the U.S. Census Bureau's Evidence Building Project Series. Any views expressed are those of the authors and not those of the U.S. Census Bureau. The Census Bureau's Disclosure Review Board and Disclosure Avoidance Officers have reviewed this information product for unauthorized disclosure of confidential information and have approved the disclosure avoidance practices applied to this release. This research was performed at a Federal Statistical Research Data Center under FSRDC Project Number 2476 (CBDRB-FY22-072). This research uses data from the Census Bureau's Longitudinal Employer Household Dynamics Program, which was partially supported by the following National Science Foundation Grants SES-9978093, SES-0339191 and ITR-0427889; National Institute on Aging Grant AG018854; and grants from the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation. This publication was produced from raw data purchased from or provided by the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH). However, the conclusions derived, and views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not reflect the conclusions or views of NYSDOH. NYSDOH, its employees, officers, and agents make no representation, warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy, completeness, currency, or suitability of the information provided here. The New York portion of this research was conducted at the Center for Innovation Through Data Intelligence (CIDI). The views expressed here are not those of CIDI, the Office of Court Administration, the New York City Human Resource Administration, the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, or the Federal Reserve System. The authors gratefully acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation (SES-1757112, SES-1757186, SES-1757187), the Laura and John Arnold Foundation, the Spencer Foundation, the Kreisman Initiative on Housing Law and Policy, the Horowitz Foundation for Social Policy, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Becker Friedman Institute, and the Tobin Center for Economic Policy. We would like to thank Lawrence Wood and others at the Legal Assistance Foundation in Chicago, Melissa C. Chiu and Kathryn Mcnamara at the U.S. Census Bureau, Lydia Stazen Michael at All Chicago, Carmelo Barbaro, Ruth Coffman, and Emily Metz at UChicago Urban Labs, Eileen Johns and Maryanne Schretzman at CIDI, Joe Altonji, Raj Chetty, Eric Chyn, Kevin Corinth, Ingrid Gould Ellen, Angela Denis Pagliero, Michael Dinerstein, Rashmi Dyal-Chand, Bill Evans, Alex Frankel, Peter Ganong, Pieter Gautier, Matt Gentzkow, Michael Greenstone, Daniel Grossman, Jim Heckman, Tatiana Homonoff, Ali Hortacsu, Peter Hull, Louis Kaplow, Ezra Karger, Paymon Khorrami, Thibaut Lamadon, Kevin Lang, Jeff Lin, Maarten Lindeboom, Hamish Low, Jens Ludwig, Sarah Miller, Magne Mogstad, Derek Neal, Matt Notowidigdo, Dan O'Flaherty, Ed Olsen, Katherine O'Regan, Francisca Richter, Azeem Shaikh, Beth Shinn, Jeff Smith, Jim Sullivan, Nicole Summers, Chris Taber, Alex Torgovitsky, Bas van der Klaauw, Laura Wherry, and many seminar participants for helpful discussion. Isabel Almazan, Iliana Cabral, Ella Deeken, Deniz Dutz, Katherine Kwok, and Naomi Shimberg provided excellent research assistance. Any errors are our own. This article subsumes and replaces our previous work: Collinson and Reed (2019) and Humphries et al. (2019). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
