Do Test Scores Misrepresent Test Results? An Item-by-Item Analysis

The conclusions of this research do not necessarily reflect the opinions or official position of the Texas Education Research Center, the Texas Education Agency, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board, the Texas Workforce Commission, the State of Texas, or the National Bureau of Economic Research. We thank Jiguang Li, Luke Frymire, and Ester Muzychuk for exceptional research assistance, and James Ross for critical research management. For helpful feedback we thank seminar participants at Harvard, the University of Melbourne, the Econometrics Interactions Workshop, the University of Arizona, the Arizona State University Applied Micro Conference, Tufts University, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and the NBER summer institute meetings. For financial support, we thank the Student Upward Mobility Initiative, Manny Roman and the Center for Applied AI at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. All opinions and any errors are ours alone.