We thank Christina Brown, Shehryar Hasan, Muhammad Bin Khalid, Julia Collins, Ethan Matlin, Gerrit Quaremba, Amanda Rudin, Ben Safran, Niharika Singh, Landin Smith, Nivedhitha Subramanian, and Andres Yi Chang for excellent research assistance in the United States, and Absar Ali, Zohaib Hassan, Muhammad Karim, Asad Liaqat, Surayya Masood, Ravale Mohydin, Ahmed Raza, Kashif Saeed, and Fahad Suleri for excellent research assistance in Pakistan. This paper was funded through grants from the Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) at the World Bank, the John Templeton Foundation, the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE) with support from UK Aid and Australian Aid; the analysis also received support from the Douglas B. Marshall, Jr. Family Foundation. We also thank Tameer Microfinance Bank (TMFB) for assistance in disbursement of loans to schools. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Asim Ijaz Khwaja
• I am a director of Center for International Development (CID) at the Harvard Kennedy School of Government. CID has no stake in the outcomes of any given evaluation results, however CID does have a position on what is considered a rigorous evaluation methodology.
• I am a cofounder and unpaid board member of the Centre for Economic Research, Pakistan (CERP). CERP has no stake in the outcomes of any given evaluation results, however CERP does have a position on what is considered a rigorous evaluation methodology.
• I am an unpaid board member of Giving Tuesday (GT), a philanthropic foundation. GT has no stake in the outcomes of the research.