Enforcing Payment for Water and Sanitation Services in Nairobi’s Slums

The authors are grateful to the World Bank’s Strategic Impact Evaluation Fund (SIEF) and Development Impact Evaluation Department (DIME), J-PAL/MIT Urban Services Initiative and the International Growth Center for financial support. The authors have benefited from comments by Edward Glaeser and participants in the Cities and Development conference and from a seminar at NYU in Abu Dubai. The authors have no financial of material interests in the results in the paper. The study received local and international ethical clearance from Maseno University and Innovations for Poverty Action International Review Board before commencement. The overall design, interventions, primary and secondary outcomes, and power calculations were published in the American Economic Association RCT registry on November 13 2018 at the time of rollout of the interventions and before data analysis (AEARCTR-0003556). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent, nor the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

• randomized controlled trials registry entry