Funding provided by SSHRC and the Acceleration Consortium. We used GPT-o3 and Claude 4 Opus for research support. Thanks to Rene Thiang for research assistance and seminar participants at the University of Chicago and Amazon for useful comments. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.
Ajay K. Agrawal
Ajay Agrawal has drawn on the findings of his research for both compensated speaking engagements and consulting engagements. He has written the books Prediction Machines and Power & Prediction on the economics of AI for which he receives royalties. He is also founder of the Creative Destruction Lab, a University of Toronto-based program that helps seed stage companies. He has equity shares in a number of technology companies as part of a diverse portfolio. His disclosure statement: https://agrawal.ca/disclosure.
Joshua S. Gans
Joshua Gans has drawn on the findings of his research for both compensated speaking engagements and consulting engagements. He has written the books Prediction Machines, Power & Prediction, and Innovation + Equality on the economics of AI for which he receives royalties. He is also chief economist of the Creative Destruction Lab, a University of Toronto-based program that helps seed stage companies, from which he receives compensation. He conducts consulting on anti-trust and intellectual property matters with an association with Keystone Strategy and his ownership of Core Economic Research Ltd. He also has equity and advisory relationships with a number of startup firms. Joshua is also a co-founder of All Day TA.
Avi Goldfarb
I have no direct conflicts of interest.
Disclosure
I have received grants supporting my research from multiple sources including the Sloan Foundation (ongoing), the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (ongoing), the Acceleration Consortium (ongoing), the National Science Foundation (most recently 2018), Google (most recently 2009), WPP (most recently 2009), the Net Institute (most recently 2007), Bell Canada (most recently 2006), Plurimus Corporation (most recently 2001), and the Social Science Research Council (most recently 2000). I run a consulting company, Goldfarb Analytics Corporation, that advises organizations on digital and A.I. strategy, including work on legal cases involving large technology companies. Clients have included Adobe, Brainmaven (on A.I. strategy in the insurance industry), CIBC, the Competition Bureau of Canada, Cornerstone Research (on matters of competition and privacy in the ad tech space), Epic Games (as an expert witness to the court in Australian cases against Google and Apple), Meta/Facebook, the Federal Trade Commission, Keystone Strategy (on AI strategy and on matters of competition in the ad tech space), Microsoft, and RBC. I have given lectures—sometimes paid—at several organizations including Amazon, Bloomberg, Boehringer Ingelheim, Corus Entertainment, Google, Hearst, Hospital for Sick Children, INTACT, Meta/Facebook, McKesson, Microsoft, Netflix, Plus Company, ScotiaBank, TD, Teradata, and several private equity and venture capital firms. I serve on the scientific advisory board of EnvisionX Capital, a venture capital firm. I am Chief Data Scientist at the Creative Destruction Lab, a non-profit organization that helps science-based startups to scale. I served on the steering committee of the CDL-Rapid Screening Consortium, a corporate- and government-funded not-for-profit endeavour to build a scalable workplace COVID screening system to facilitate a return to normal. I also hold shares in many large technology companies as part of a well-balanced investment portfolio. I also hold investments in several AI-focused startups.
