Direct and indirect effects of vaccines: Evidence from COVID-19

We thank Dr. Sarah Caddy and Dr. Buddy Creech for helpful background on immunology. We are grateful to our discussants Onur Altindag, Kitt Carpenter, and Emily Lawler, Ajin Lee, as well as, Timo Hener, Scott Imberman, Frederik Lyngse, and Emily Oster, and audiences at Aarhus University, Allied Social Science Association Annual Meeting, ASHEcon Annual Conference, Copenhagen Business School, DePaul University, Indiana University, Junior Health Economics Summit, Korean Women Economists Network (KWEN), NBER Summer Insitute, University of Wisconsin - Madison, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, and Washington University in St. Louis for helpful comments. Mallory Dryer, Aneka Fish, Dario Salcedo Monroy Maddie Mustaine, Anna Seng, and Maddie Yowziak provided excellent research assistance. We acknowledge the Indiana University Pervasive Technology Institute for providing HPC resources that have contributed to the research results reported in this paper (https://pti.iu.edu), and we thank Haile Shone for helpful data management. This project was partially funded by the Vice Provost for Research through the Research Equipment Fund. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

• October 11, 2022