Women Left Behind: Gender Disparities in Utilization of Government Health Insurance in India
We document large gender disparities within a government program that entitles 46 million poor individuals to free hospital care. We show that care is not free in practice and higher costs are associated with larger disparities. Lowering care costs increases female utilization but does not reduce gender disparities because marginal beneficiaries are as likely to be male as inframarginals. Long-term exposure to local female leaders reduces disparities by addressing factors lowering female care. In the presence of gender bias, subsidizing social services may fail to address gender inequalities without actions that specifically target females.
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Copy CitationPascaline Dupas and Radhika Jain, "Women Left Behind: Gender Disparities in Utilization of Government Health Insurance in India," NBER Working Paper 28972 (2021), https://doi.org/10.3386/w28972.Download Citation
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Published Versions
Pascaline Dupas & Radhika Jain, 2024. "Women Left Behind: Gender Disparities in Utilization of Government Health Insurance in India," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 114(10), pages 3345-3385, October, DOI: 10.1257/aer.20230521. citation courtesy of ![]()
Pascaline Dupas & Radhika Jain, 2024. "Women Left Behind: Gender Disparities in Utilization of Government Health Insurance in India," American Economic Review, vol 114(10), pages 3345-3383.