Did Foreigners Pay America's Tariffs? Quantity Discounts, Scale Economies and Incomplete Pass-Through

We thank Nuno Limao, Charly Porcher, Daniel Xu, Justin Pierce, Davin Chor, Esteban Rossi-Hansberg, Frederic Warzynski, and Xiang Ding for early conversations and Nahim Bin Zahur for discussion. Any views expressed are those of the authors and not those of the US Census Bureau, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or any other person associated with the Federal Reserve System. The Census Bureau has reviewed this data product to ensure appropriate access, use, and disclosure avoidance protection of the confidential source data used to produce this product. This research was performed at a Federal Statistical Research Data Center (CBDRB-FY25-P2193-R12042, R12792). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.