Does Performance Pay Enhance Social Accountability? Evidence from Remote Schools in Indonesia

We thank our partners at the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture, the National Team for Acceleration of Poverty Reduction (TNP2K), and the district governments of Ketapang, Landak, Sintang, West Manggarai, and East Manggarai for their support and assistance. We also thank Usha Adelina, Emilie Berkhout, Kurniawati, Sharon Kanthy Lumbanraja, Marliyanti, and Indah Ayu Prameswari for their excellent research assistance. We are grateful to Andrew Brownback, David Evans, Deon Filmer, Robert Garlick, Jose Antonio Cuesta Leiva, Tobias Linden, Alejandro Ome, Lant Pritchett, Halsey Rogers, Mauricio Romero, Susan Wong, and seminar participants at the 2019 briq/IZA Workshop on Behavioral Economics of Education, 2019 RISE Seminar, 2019 PacDev Conference, 2019 MIEDC, 2019 DIAL Development Conference, 2019 Annual International Conference of the Research Group on Development, 2019 NEUDC conference, EUDN 2019, 2020 KDIS-3ie-ADB-ADBI Conference on Impact Evaluation, the World Bank's Social Sustainability and Inclusion GP \& Data, Analytics, and Digital GSG BBL, the Hong Kong University Business School, and the University of Arkansas for helpful comments and suggestions. We acknowledge financial support from the World Bank's Local Solutions to Poverty Trust Fund (DFAT) and Local Solutions to Development Trust Fund (USAID), and from the SMERU Research Institute (RISE Indonesia Study). This study was registered in the American Economic Association Registry for randomized control trials under trial AEARCTR-0003157. Dewi Susanti was an employee of the World Bank. Arya Gaduh, Menno Pradhan, and Jan Priebe were consultants for the World Bank. Menno Pradhan also worked as a co-principal investigator under the SMERU RISE project. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.

• randomized controlled trials registry entry