We gratefully acknowledge financial support from CEGA, IGC, PEDL, and USC. We also acknowledge support from the Pollution Management and Environmental Health Program (PMEH) supported under the World Bank's TF0A3415. The PMEH program focuses on providing technical assistance to countries, facilitating pollution management, promoting public awareness, and helping them reduce the negative effects of pollution on health. We thank Bjoern Brey for an insightful discussion. We also thank Patrick Baylis, Prashant Bharadwaj, Robin Burgess, Victor Couture, Claudio Ferraz, Eyal Frank, Simon Franklin, Teevrat Garg, Ed Glaeser, Michael Greenstone, Jonas Hjort, Koichiro Ito, Kelsey Jack, Namrata Kala, Ryan Kellogg, Matt Lowe, Elizabeth Lyons, Rob Metcalfe, Paul Niehaus, Paulina Oliva, Adam Osman, Munir Squires, Tom Vogl and numerous seminar and conference participants for valuable comments, including participants at the 2021 NBER SI (Urban group). Kasey Chatterji-Len, Jiong Gao, Jung Hyuk Lee and Leire Sarasola provided excellent research assistance. We also thank everyone at BRAC Uganda who made this project possible, in particular Raffaela Muoio and Esau Tugume. Ethical approval was received from the Mildmay Research Ethics Committee of Uganda (1106-2018) and USC (UP-20-00923). The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank and its affiliated organizations, or those of the Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. All errors are our own. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.