Replacing Political Patronage with Merit: The Roles of the President and the Congress in the Origins of the Federal Civil Service System

Gary D. Libecap, The Federal Civil Service System and the Problem of Bureaucracy (University of Chicago Press, 1994), chap. 2, https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/federal-civil-service-system-and-problem-bureaucracy/replacing-political-patronage-merit-roles-president-and-congress-origins-federal-civil-service.