Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census
We provide the first evidence from a large population Census on earnings disparities experienced by nonbinary people—those who do not exclusively identify as men or women—and transgender people—those whose gender differs from their sex assigned at birth, relative to cisgender people. Using restricted-access 2021 Canadian Census data linked to tax records, we find that nonbinary individuals assigned male at birth, transgender men, transgender women, and cisgender women all earn significantly less than comparable cisgender men. Nonbinary individuals assigned female at birth experience an additional earnings penalty. Differences in job sorting explain a large share of these disparities.
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Copy CitationChristopher S. Carpenter, Donn L. Feir, Krishna Pendakur, and Casey Warman, "Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census," NBER Working Paper 33075 (2024), https://doi.org/10.3386/w33075.Download Citation
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Published Versions
Christopher S. Carpenter & Donn Feir & Krishna Pendakur & Casey Warman, 2026. "Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census," American Economic Review: Insights, American Economic Association, vol. 8(1), pages 36-52, March, DOI: 10.1257/aeri.20240571. citation courtesy of ![]()
Christopher S. Carpenter & Donn Feir & Krishna Pendakur & Casey Warman, 2026. "Nonbinary and Transgender Identities and Earnings: Evidence from a National Census," American Economic Review: Insights, vol 8(1), pages 36-52.