Loopholes and the Incidence of Public Services: Evidence from Funding Career & Technical Education

This research result used data structured and maintained by the MERI-Michigan Education Data Center (MEDC). MEDC data is modified for analysis purposes using rules governed by MEDC and are not identical to those data collected and maintained by the Michigan Department of Education (MDE) and/or Michigan’s Center for Educational Performance and Information (CEPI). Results, information and opinions solely represent the analysis, information and opinions of the author and are not endorsed by, or reflect the views or positions of, grantors, MDE and CEPI or any employee thereof. We are grateful to our MDE partners for their feedback—particularly Jill Kroll, Brian Pyles, and the staff in the Office of CTE—and to Andrew Simon, Ellen Stuart, and Brenden Timpe for thoughtful comments. We acknowledge support from IES grant number R305A200046, and the Smith-Richardson foundation including grants SRF #2020-2377 and SRF #2022-2932. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.