A Watershed Moment: The Clean Water Act and Birth Weight
The Clean Water Act (CWA) significantly improved surface water quality, but at a cost exceeding the estimated benefits. We quantify the effect of the CWA on a direct measure of health. Using a difference-in-differences framework, we compare birth weight upstream and downstream from wastewater treatment facilities before and after CWA grant receipt. Pollution only decreased downstream from facilities required to upgrade their treatment technology, and we leverage this additional variation with a triple difference. CWA grants increased average birth weight by 8 grams.
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Copy CitationPatrick Flynn and Michelle M. Marcus, "A Watershed Moment: The Clean Water Act and Birth Weight," NBER Working Paper 29152 (2021), https://doi.org/10.3386/w29152.Download Citation
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Published Versions
Patrick Flynn & Michelle Marcus, 2025. "A Watershed Moment: The Clean Water Act and Birth Weight," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 60(6), pages 1915-1936. citation courtesy of 
Patrick Flynn & Michelle Marcus, 2025. "A Watershed Moment," Journal of Human Resources, vol 60(6), pages 1915-1936.
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