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  • David W. Galenson, Conceptual Revolutions in Twentieth-Century Art (Cambridge University Press, 2009), chap. 9, https://www.nber.org/books-and-chapters/conceptual-revolutions-twentieth-century-art/painting-proxy-conceptual-artist-manufacturer.

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In 1958, the French philosopher Etienne Gilson observed that "painters are related to manual laborers by a deep-rooted...

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