TY  - JOUR
AU  - Mowery,David C.
AU  - Ziedonis,Arvids A.
TI  - The Geographic Reach of Market and Non-Market Channels of Technology Transfer: Comparing Citations and Licenses of University Patents
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 8568
PY  - 2001
Y2  - October 2001
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w8568
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w8568.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
David C. Mowery
Walter A. Haas School of Business
Mail Code 1900
University of California, Berkeley
Berkeley, CA  94720-1900
Tel: 510/643-9992
Fax: 510/642-2826
E-Mail: mowery@haas.berkeley.edu

Arvids Ziedonis
Lundquist College of Business
University of Oregon
955 E. 13th Avenue
Eugene, OR  97403
Tel: 541-346-3318
E-Mail: aaz@uoregon.edu
AB  - The growth of high-technology clusters in the United States suggests the presence of strong regional agglomeration effects that reflect proximity to universities or other research institutions.  Using data on licensed patents from the University of California, Stanford University, and Columbia University, this paper compares the geographic 'reach' of knowledge flows from university inventions through two important channels: non-market 'spillovers' exemplified by patent citations and market contracts (licenses).  We find that knowledge flows through market transactions to be more geographically localized than those operating through non-market 'spillovers.'  Moreover, the differential effects of distance on licenses and citations are most pronounced for exclusively licensed university patents.  We interpret these findings as reflecting the incomplete nature of licensing contracts and the need for licensees to maintain access to inventor know-how for many university inventions.  Such access appears to be less important for inventions that are non-exclusively licensed (e.g. 'research tools').
ER  -