TY  - JOUR
AU  - Donohue,John,III
AU  - Heckman,James J.
AU  - Todd,Petra E.
TI  - Social Action, Private Choice, and Philanthropy: Understanding the Sources of Improvements in Black Schooling in Georgia, 1911-1960
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 6418
PY  - 1998
Y2  - February 1998
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w6418
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w6418.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
John J. Donohue
Stanford Law School
Crown Quadrangle
559 Nathan Abbott Way
Stanford, CA 94305
Tel: 650/721-6339
E-Mail: donohue@law.stanford.edu

James J. Heckman
Department of Economics
The University of Chicago
1126 E. 59th Street
Chicago, IL 60637
Tel: 773/702-0634
Fax: 773/702-8490
E-Mail: jjh@uchicago.edu

Petra E. Todd
Department of Economics
University of Pennsylvania
3718 Locust Walk
Philadelphia, PA  19104
Tel: 215/898-4084
Fax: 215/573-2057
E-Mail: ptodd@econ.upenn.edu
AB  - Improvements in educational attainment and in educational quality are universally acknowledged to be major contributors to black economic progress in the twentieth century.  The sources of these improvements are less well understood.  Many scholars implicitly assume improvements in schooling reflect private choices.  In fact, schooling is publicly provided and increases in the quality and availability of black schools in the South occurred at a time when blacks were excluded from the political process.  This paper demonstrates the important roles of social action, especially NAACP litigation, and private philanthropy, in improving access and quality of public schooling in Georgia and in the rest of the South in the first half of the century. Analyses that pit rising schooling quality as an alternative to social action in explaining black progress miss the important role of social activism in promoting schooling quality and hence in elevating the economic status of black Americans.
ER  -