@techreport{NBERw6040,
 title = "The Impact and Organization of Publicly-Funded Research and Development in the European Community",
 author = "Maryann P. Feldman and Frank R. Lichtenberg",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "6040",
 year = "1997",
 month = "May",
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w6040",
 abstract = {This paper examines R&D activities in the European Community using the Community R&D Information Service (CORDIS) databases. We find that a country's private companies tend to be specialized in the same scientific fields as its universities and public organizations.  In addition, we construct indicators of the degree of R&D tacitness and find that greater expected ability to communicate research outcomes encourages less centralized R&D programs.  Programs that yield tangible results are less geographically and administratively centralized.  The more that research leads to codifiable knowledge, the less centralized R&D activity needs to be.},
}