TY  - JOUR
AU  - Campa,Jose
AU  - Goldberg,Linda S.
TI  - The Evolving External Orientation of Manufacturing Industries: Evidence from Four Countries
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 5919
PY  - 1997
Y2  - February 1997
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w5919
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w5919.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Jose M. Campa
IESE Business School
Camino del Cerro del Aguila, 3
28023 Madrid
SPAIN
Tel: 34-91-357-0809
Fax: 34-91-357-2913
E-Mail: jcampa@iese.edu

Linda S. Goldberg
Research Department, 3rd Floor
Federal Reserve Bank-New York
33 Liberty Street
New York, NY 10045
Tel: 212/720-2836
Fax: 212/720-6831
E-Mail: linda.goldberg@ny.frb.org
AB  - Significant changes in the external orientation of manufacturing industries are observed in the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom, but not in Japan.  The observed increases in external orientation are in terms of industry export shares, import penetration, and imported input use in production.  United States industries have experienced a particularly dramatic increase in imported input use, accompanied by highly variable patterns of industry net external orientation over the past two decades.  Although similar manufacturing industries have strong export orientation in all countries, across countries these same industries have profoundly different patterns of import penetration, imported input use, and net external exposure to exchange rate and trade policy changes
ER  -