TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lee,Jong-Wha
AU  - Swagel,Phillip
TI  - Trade Barriers and Trade Flows across Countries and Industries
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 4799
PY  - 1994
Y2  - July 1994
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w4799
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w4799.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Jong-Wha Lee
Economics Research Department
Asian Development Bank
6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong City
1550 Metro Manila, Philippines
Tel: +63 2 632 4900
Fax: +63 2 636 2183
E-Mail: jongwha@korea.ac.kr

Phillip Swagel
E-Mail: pswagel@umd.edu
AB  - We use disaggregated data on trade flows, production, and trade barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of non-tariff barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and non-tariff) on trade flows.  We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of trade barriers and trade flows.  Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, and threatened by import competition.  Countries also give more protection to large industries; these might be thought of as politically important.  Nations use tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and exchange rate controls as complementary instruments of protection.
ER  -