@techreport{NBERw4799,
 title = "Trade Barriers and Trade Flows across Countries and Industries",
 author = "Jong-Wha Lee and Phillip Swagel",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "4799",
 year = "1994",
 month = "July",
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w4799",
 abstract = {We use disaggregated data on trade flows, production, and trade barriers for 41 countries in 1988 to examine the political and economic determinants of non-tariff barriers, as well as the impact of protection (both tariff and non-tariff) on trade flows.  We use an econometric framework that allows for the simultaneous determination of trade barriers and trade flows.  Our results are consistent with political-economy theories of the determinants of protection: even after accounting for industry-specific factors, nations tend to protect industries that are weak, in decline, and threatened by import competition.  Countries also give more protection to large industries; these might be thought of as politically important.  Nations use tariffs, non-tariff barriers, and exchange rate controls as complementary instruments of protection.},
}