@techreport{NBERw2038,
 title = "International Oligopoly and Asymmetric Labour Market Institutions",
 author = "James A. Brander and Barbara J. Spencer",
 institution = "National Bureau of Economic Research",
 type = "Working Paper",
 series = "Working Paper Series",
 number = "2038",
 year = "1986",
 month = "October",
 URL = "http://www.nber.org/papers/w2038",
 abstract = {Asymmetries in labour relations can have important effects on imperfectively competitive rivalries between firms. Such asymmetries are particularly striking in cross-country comparisons and are therefore of greatest interest in international markets. Using a simple duopoly model, we focus on two asymmetries. First, one firm may face a noncooperative union and second, institutional factors may allow one firm to commit itself to particular labour input before its rival sets output, giving it a natural Stackelberg leadership role. We examine the trade policy incentives resulting from these labour asymmetries, focusing on profit shifting tariffs, quotas and subsidies.},
}