TY - JOUR AU - Branson,William H. AU - Frenkel,Jacob A. TI - Causes of Appreciation and Volatility of the Dollar with Comment by Jacob Frenkel JF - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series VL - No. 1777 PY - 1986 Y2 - November 1986 UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/w1777 L1 - http://www.nber.org/papers/w1777.pdf N1 - Author contact info: William H. Branson Economics Department 341 Wallace Hall Princeton University Princeton, NJ 08544-1013 Tel: 609/258-6918 Fax: 609/258-6419 E-Mail: N/A user is deceased Jacob Frenkel Dr. Jacob A. Frenkel Chairman, JPMorgan Chase International 270 Park Ave 46th floor New York, NY 10017 Tel: +1 212 270 2393 Fax: +1 212 270 2397 E-Mail: jacob.frenkel@jpmchase.com AB - In 1981 real interest rates in the United States increased spectacularly, and the dollar appreciated in real terms by about 20 percent. Since the end of 1981, long-term real interest rates have remained in the range of 5-10 percent, with nominal long rates above short rates. The dollar appreciated further, but more gradually, until early 1985. This paper argues that these movements in real interest rates and the real exchange rate are due to the shift in the high-employment deficit by some $200 billion that was announced in the 1981 budget program. This requires an increase in real interest rates and a real appreciation to generate the sum of excess domestic saving and foreign borrowing to finance it. The argument is a straightforward extension of the idea of "crowding out" at full employment to an open economy.The current situation is not sustainable, however. Eventually international investors will begin to resist further absorption of dollars into their portfolios, so U.S. interest rates will have to rise further, as the markets seem to expect, and the dollar will have to depreciate. This will continue until the current account is back in approximate balance, and the entire load of deficit financing is shifted to excess U.S. saving. In his comments on Branson's paper, Jacob A. Frenkel discusses additional factors that have contributed to the evolution of the dollar since 1980. He concludes that in addition to U.S. fiscal policies, monetary policy in the United States and the fiscal position of the U.K., West Germany and Japan have also contributed to the dollar's strength. ER -