TY  - JOUR
AU  - Yunzal-Butler,Cristina
AU  - Joyce,Theodore J.
AU  - Racine,Andrew D.
TI  - Maternal Smoking and the Timing of WIC Enrollment
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 14728
PY  - 2009
Y2  - February 2009
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w14728
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w14728.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Cristina Yunzal-Butler
Department of Economics (Alumnus)
Graduate Center, CUNY
365 Fifth Ave, 5th Fl
NY, NY  10016
E-Mail: cyunzal@gc.cuny.edu

Theodore J. Joyce
Baruch College & Graduate Center, CUNY
365 Fifth Ave, 5th Fl
New York, NY 10016-4309
Tel: 212/817-7960
Fax: 212/817-1597
E-Mail: theodore.joyce@baruch.cuny.edu

Andrew D. Racine
Albert Einstein College of Medicine Children's Hos
Division of General Pediatrics
1621 Eastchester Road
Bronx, NY 10461
Tel: 718/405-8092
Fax: 212/817-1597
E-Mail: aracine@montefiore.org
AB  - We investigate the association between the timing of enrollment in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) and smoking among prenatal WIC participants. We use WIC data from eight states participating in the Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS). Women who enroll in WIC in the first trimester of pregnancy are 2.7 percentage points more likely to be smoking at intake than women who enroll in the third trimester. Among participants who smoked before pregnancy and at prenatal WIC enrollment, those who enrolled in the first trimester are 4.5 percentage points more likely to quit smoking 3 months before delivery and 3.4 percentage points more likely to quit by postpartum registration, compared with women who do not enroll in WIC until the third trimester.  Overall, early WIC enrollment is associated with higher quit rates, although changes are modest when compared to the results from smoking cessation interventions for pregnant women.
ER  -