TY  - JOUR
AU  - Holmes,Thomas J.
TI  - The Diffusion of Wal-Mart and Economies of Density
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 13783
PY  - 2008
Y2  - February 2008
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w13783
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w13783.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Thomas J. Holmes
Department of Economics
University of Minnesota
4-101 Hanson Hall
1925 Fourth Street South
Minneapolis, MN 55455
Tel: 612/625-4512
Fax: 612/624-0209
E-Mail: holmes@umn.edu
AB  - The roll-out of Wal-Mart store openings followed a pattern that radiated from the center out with Wal-Mart maintaining high store density and a contiguous store network all along the way.  This paper estimates the benefits of such a strategy to Wal-Mart, focusing on the savings in distribution costs afforded by a dense network of stores.  The paper takes a revealed preference approach, inferring the magnitude of density economies by the extent of sales cannibalization from closely-packed stores that Wal-Mart is willing to sustain to achieve density economies.  The model is dynamic with rich geographic detail on the locations of stores and distribution centers.  Given the enormous number of possible combinations of store-opening sequences, it is difficult to directly solve Wal-Mart's problem, making conventional approaches infeasible.  The moment inequality approach is used instead and it works well.  The estimates show the benefits to Wal-Mart of high store density are substantial and likely extend significantly beyond savings in trucking costs.
ER  -