TY  - JOUR
AU  - Burda,Michael
AU  - Hamermesh,Daniel S.
AU  - Weil,Philippe
TI  - Total Work, Gender and Social Norms
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 13000
PY  - 2007
Y2  - March 2007
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w13000
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w13000.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Michael Burda
Faculty of Business and Economics
Humboldt University Berlin
Spandauer Str. 1
D-10178 Berlin
Germany
E-Mail: burda@wiwi.hu-berlin.de

Daniel S. Hamermesh
Department of Economics
University of Texas
Austin, TX 78712-1173
Tel: 512/475-8526
Fax: 512/471-3510
E-Mail: hamermes@eco.utexas.edu

Philippe Weil
Director, Universite Libre de Bruxelles
ECARES
50, Avenue Roosevelt CP 114
B-1050 Brussels  BELGIUM
Tel: 32-2-650-4220
Fax: 32-2-650-4475
E-Mail: philippe.weil@ulb.ac.be
AB  - Using time-diary data from 25 countries, we demonstrate that there is a negative relationship between real GDP per capita and the female-male difference in total work time per day -- the sum of work for pay and work at home.  In rich northern countries on four continents, including the United States, there is no difference -- men and women do the same amount of total work.  This latter fact has been presented before by several sociologists for a few rich countries; but our survey results show that labor economists, macroeconomists, the general public and sociologists are unaware of it and instead believe that women perform more total work. The facts do not arise from gender differences in the price of time (as measured by market wages), as women's total work is further below men's where their relative wages are lower. Additional tests using U.S. and German data show that they do not arise from differences in marital bargaining, as gender equality is not associated with marital status; nor do they stem from family norms, since most of the variance in the gender total work difference is due to within-couple differences. We offer a theory of social norms to explain the facts.  The social-norm explanation is better able to account for within-education group and within-region gender differences in total work being smaller than inter-group differences. It is consistent with evidence using the World Values Surveys that female total work is relatively greater than men's where both men and women believe that scarce jobs should be offered to men first.
ER  -