TY  - JOUR
AU  - Moriguchi,Chiaki
AU  - Saez,Emmanuel
TI  - The Evolution of Income Concentration in Japan, 1886-2002: Evidence from Income Tax Statistics
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 12558
PY  - 2006
Y2  - October 2006
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w12558
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w12558.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Chiaki Moriguchi
Hitotsubashi University
Institute of Economic Research
2-1, Naka, Kunitachi
Tokyo 18686, JAPAN
Tel: 847/491-8237
Fax: 847/491-7001
E-Mail: cmoriguchi@gmail.com

Emmanuel Saez
Department of Economics
University of California, Berkeley
530 Evans Hall #3880
Berkeley, CA 94720
Tel: 510/642-4631
Fax: 510/642-6615
E-Mail: saez@econ.berkeley.edu
M3  - presented at "Japan Project Meeting", September 15-16, 2005
AB  - This paper studies the evolution of income concentration in Japan from 1886 to 2002 by constructing long-run series of top income shares and top wage income shares, using income tax statistics. We find that (1) income concentration was extremely high throughout the pre-WWII period during which the nation underwent rapid industrialization; (2) a drastic de-concentration of income at the top took place in 1938-1945; (3) income concentration has remained low throughout the post-WWII period despite the high economic growth; and (4) top income composition in Japan has shifted dramatically from capital income to employment income over the course of the 20th century. We attribute the precipitous fall in income concentration during WWII primarily to the collapse of capital income due to wartime regulations and inflation. We argue that the change in the institutional structure under the occupational reforms made the one-time income de-concentration difficult to reverse. In contrast to the sharp increase in wage income inequality observed in the United States since 1970, the top wage income shares in Japan have remained remarkably stable over the recent decades. We show that the change in technology or tax policies alone cannot account for the comparative experience of Japan and the United States. Instead we suggest that institutional factors such as corporate governance and union structure are important determinants of wage income inequality.
ER  -