TY  - JOUR
AU  - Frankel,Jeffrey A.
AU  - Cavallo,Eduardo A.
TI  - Does Openness to Trade Make Countries More Vulnerable to Sudden Stops, Or Less? Using Gravity to Establish Causality
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 10957
PY  - 2004
Y2  - December 2004
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w10957
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w10957.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Jeffrey A. Frankel
Kennedy School of Government
Harvard University
79 JFK Street
Cambridge, MA 02138
Tel: 617/496-3834
Fax: 617/496-5747
E-Mail: jeffrey_frankel@harvard.edu

Eduardo Cavallo
24 Shaler Lane Apt. B., Cambridge, MA 02138
Tel: 617-835-3512
E-Mail: eduardo_cavallo@ksg02.harvard.edu
AB  - Openness to trade is one factor that has been identified as determining whether a country is prone to sudden stops in capital inflow, currency crashes, or severe recessions. Some believe that openness raises vulnerability to foreign shocks, while others believe that it makes adjustment to crises less painful. Several authors have offered empirical evidence that having a large tradable sector reduces the contraction necessary to adjust to a given cut-off in funding. This would help explain lower vulnerability to crises in Asia than in Latin America. Such studies may, however, be subject to the problem that trade is endogenous. We use the gravity instrument for trade openness, which is constructed from geographical determinants of bilateral trade. We find that openness indeed makes countries less vulnerable, both to severe sudden stops and currency crashes, and that the relationship is even stronger when correcting for the endogeneity of trade.
ER  -