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27
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28
 Table 1: State-Level Fair-Housing Laws, Prior to 1968
Not Including Owner-
Occupied Housing
Not Including Owner-
Occupied Housing, 
But Including All Real
Estate Broker Activities
Including Owner-Occupied
Housing
Alaska 1962
California 1963
Colorado 1959 1965
Connecticut 1959 1963
Hawaii 1967
Indiana 1965
Iowa 1967
Kentucky 1968
Maine 1965 (rental only)
Maryland 1967 (new only)
Massachusetts 1959 1963
Michigan 1964
Minnesota 1962 1967
New Hampshire 1961 (rental only) 1965
New Jersey 1961 1966
New York 1961 1963
Ohio 1965
Oregon 1959
Pennsylvania 1961
Rhode Island 1965
Vermont 1967
Washington 1967 (pending referendum) 
Wisconsin 1965
Notes  : The Indiana law allowed only conciliation efforts for complaints against owners in owner-occupied
housing but had stronger enforcement provisions for other housing market participants.  California's law
was suspended in 1964 by a constitutional amendment; it was reinstated in 1966 when the state supreme
court ruled that the amendment was unconstitutional. 
Sources
 : The fair housing laws' effective dates of implementation and extent of coverage are taken from a
bi-monthly publication of the National Committee Against Discrimination in Housing (a amalgamation of
many independent organizations) called  Trends in Housing  , supplemented with information from the
Housing and Home Finance Agency's  Fair Housing Laws   (1964), issues of the  Race Relations Law
Reporter  , and Lockard (1968).  Case studies in Eley and Casstevens (1968) have also been helpful.
 Check original write up on RI. Appears to cover all sales in 1965.




29
 Table 2: Summary Statistics for Non-Southern States
Fair-Housing States Non-Fair-Housing States All States
 Economic Variables
     White Urban 65.20
(12.89)
54.21
(11.62)
60.39
(13.36)
    CIO 3.73
(2.44)
1.00
(0.89)
2.54
(2.34)
    AFL 7.36
(2.85)
5.87
(3.33)
6.70
(3.11)
    Income per capita (100's) 23.24
(2.67)
20.89
(3.21)
22.21
(3.10)
    Black Education 9.33
(0.64)
9.40
(1.10)
9.36
(0.86)
 Race/Religion Variables
     Black 3.61
(3.03)
2.43
(2.97)
3.09
(3.02)
    Jewish 2.82
(3.93)
0.75
(1.13)
1.91
(3.18)
    Catholic 26.77
(13.35)
19.19
(10.00)
23.46
(12.42)
    FCCCA 9.31
(3.49)
9.63
(4.93)
9.45
(4.11)
 Political Variables
    Political Competition 38.96
(11.44)
42.61
(18.06)
40.56
(14.56)
   NAACP per 10,000 Pop. 4.49
(3.90)
1.46
(3.40)
3.17
(3.94)
   Wallace Votes 6.77
(2.61)
8.30
(3.11)
7.44
(2.90)
States 18 14 32
Notes  : Standard deviations are reported in parentheses underneath unweighted sample averages.
Sources  : The black proportion and average years of education of the adult (over 20 years old) population
are calculated using the IPUMS sample for 1960 (Ruggles and Sobek 1997).  The Jewish, Catholic, and
FCCCA memberships (in 1952) are calculated from the  Survey of Churches and Church Membership ,
divided by the population figures from Eldridge and Thomas (1964).  The urban variable is from the
published volumes of the 1960  Census of Population  .  The segregation variable is a weighted average of
metro area indices calculated by Cutler, Glaeser, and Vigdor (1999).  The CIO and AFL variables are
calculated with membership data from Troy (1957) and population data from Eldridge and Thomas (1964). 
The political competition index is from Ranney (1965).  The NAACP membership data are from the
organization's 1951  Annual Report
 .  The Wallace Votes variable is calculated with data from the  World
 Almanac and Book of Facts   (1970).




30
 Table 3: Hazard Model Estimates, Adoption of Fair-Housing Laws,
with Time-Invariant Covariates (Non-Southern States)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weibull Weibull Weibull Cox Cox Cox
Economic Variables
    White Urban 1.058
(0.74)
1.049
(0.59)
0.944
(0.49)
1.042
(0.81)
1.045
(0.80)
0.980
(0.26)
    CIO 2.085
(3.29)
2.446
(3.49)
2.610
(2.04)
1.877
(3.69)
2.057
(3.76)
1.894
(2.36)
    AFL 1.442
(2.33)
1.453
(2.03)
2.231
(1.33)
1.352
(2.54)
1.350
(2.12)
1.622
(1.18)
    Income per capita  ----- 1.401
(1.37)
1.404
(1.68)
----- 1.264
(1.22)
1.250
(1.55)
    Black education  ----- 3.735
(2.21)
4.399
(1.59)
----- 2.801
(2.14)
2.255
(1.11)
Race/Religion Variables
    Black 0.491
(2.22)
0.451
(2.42)
0.287
(2.63)
0.571
(2.80)
0.553
(2.53)
0.458
(2.95)
    Jewish 1.283
(3.22)
1.254
(3.01)
1.550
(2.43)
1.202
(2.74)
1.161
(2.36)
1.279
(1.87)
    Catholic 1.049
(1.15)
1.056
(0.85)
1.225
(1.25)
1.042
(1.14)
1.038
(0.72)
1.109
(0.85)
    FCCCA 1.172
(2.00)
1.298
(3.40)
1.678
(1.90)
1.128
(2.14)
1.207
(3.29)
1.327
(1.59)
Political Variables
   Party Competition 1.453
(0.98)
1.547
(1.32)
2.028
(1.88)
1.326
(1.15)
1.342
(1.21)
1.544
(1.75)
   Party Competition 
2
0.995
(1.12)
0.994
(1.43)
0.991
(1.78)
0.996
(1.39)
0.996
(1.43)
0.995
(1.78)
   NAACP ----- ----- 1.642
(2.53)
----- ----- 1.414
(2.60)
   Wallace Votes ----- ----- 0.836
(0.55)
----- ----- 0.813
(0.75)
Weibull p 6.354
(9.26)
7.322
(8.97)
9.790
(7.92)
----- ----- -----
Notes : Coefficient are in "hazard ratio" form, indicating whether a particular variable tends to increase (if greater
than one) or decrease (if less than one) the likelihood of adoption.  See the text for more elaboration.  In
parentheses, z-statistics reflect the level of statistical significance (a hazard ratio different from 1).   
Sources
: See table 2 sources.




31
 Table 4: Hazard Model Estimates, Adoption of Fair-Housing Laws,
with Time-Varying Covariates (Non-Southern States)
1 2 3 4 5 6
Weibull Weibull Weibull Cox Cox Cox
Economic Variables
    White Urban 1.014
(0.43)
1.057
(0.71)
1.031
(0.75)
1.013
(0.44)
1.042
(0.84)
1.026
(0.77)
    CIO 1.975
(4.90)
2.425
(3.53)
1.922
(3.08)
1.795
(4.35)
2.006
(4.30)
1.690
(3.44)
    AFL 1.281
(3.23)
1.206
(1.82)
0.848
(1.15)
1.237
(2.97)
1.170
(1.69)
0.880
(0.97)
    Income per capita ----- 1.752
(1.87)
1.490
(2.01)
----- 1.490
(2.01)
1.639
(2.81)
    Black education ----- 5.257
(1.22)
3.318
(1.91)
----- 3.640
(1.43)
2.718
(1.82)
Race/Religion Variables
    Black* 0.609
(3.52)
0.511
(2.90)
0.410
(3.94)
0.663
(3.20)
0.616
(3.08)
0.539
(4.30)
    Jewish 1.350
(4.20)
1.218
(2.76)
1.364
(2.95)
1.265
(3.91)
1.143
(2.22)
1.203
(2.74)
    Catholic 1.013
(0.44)
0.991
(0.15)
0.968
(0.84)
1.010
(0.37)
0.994
(0.14)
0.967
(0.97)
    FCCCA 1.098
(2.09)
1.251
(1.88)
1.064
(0.81)
1.076
(1.59)
1.177
(1.93)
1.060
(0.85)
Political Variables
   Governor Party* 1.629
(1.03)
1.325
(0.67)
1.846
(1.12)
1.493
(0.81)
1.105
(0.24)
1.351
(0.66)
   Neighbor* ----- ----- 0.172
(2.05)
----- ----- 0.410
(1.49)
   Fair Emp. Law* ----- ----- 27.141
(3.03)
----- ----- 13.654
(3.08)
Weibull p 6.277
(7.75)
7.300
(8.81)
12.151
(9.19
----- ----- -----
Notes  : Variables marked with an asterisk (*) are entered in time-varying form.  The black proportion of the
population is interpolated between census dates.  The governor's party variable switches from zero to one
when a Democrat holds office.  The "neighbor" variable switches from zero to one after a contiguous state
adopts a fair-housing law.  The "fair employment law" variable switches from zero to one after the state
adopts a fair employment law.
Sources
 : See table 2 sources.




32
 Table A1: Accelerated Failure Time Model, with Time Invariant Covariates (Non-Southern States)
1: Weibull 2: Weibull 3: Weibull
Economic Variables
    White Urban -0.00891
(0.75)
-0.00649
(0.60)
0.00589
(0.49)
    CIO -0.116
(3.32)
-0.122
(4.10)
-0.0980
(3.00)
    AFL -0.0576
(2.39)
-0.0510
(2.05)
-0.0820
(1.55)
    Income per capita  ----- -0.0461
(1.51)
-0.0346
(1.81)
    Black education  ----- -0.180
(2.21)
-0.151
(1.74)
Race/Religion Variables
    Black 0.112
(2.24)
0.109
(2.75)
0.127
(4.11)
    Jewish -0.0392
(3.35)
-0.0309
(3.19)
-0.0448
(3.26)
    Catholic -0.00753
(1.18)
-0.00743
(0.87)
-0.0207
(1.42)
    FCCCA -0.0250
(2.02)
-0.0356
(3.68)
-0.0528
(2.55)
Political Variables
   Party Competition -0.0588
(1.00)
-0.0596
(1.44)
-0.0722
(2.50)
   Party Competition 
2
0.000803
(1.15)
0.000762
(1.58)
0.000884
(2.35)
   NAACP ----- ----- -0.0507
(2.78)
   Wallace Votes ----- ----- 0.0183
(0.56)
Constant 5.241
(3.08)
7.971
(5.71)
7.613
(9.77)
Weibull p 6.354
(9.26)
7.322
(8.97)
9.790
(7.92)
Notes  : These results are restatements of those in columns 1 to 3 of table 3.  The accelerated failure time
(AFT) model can be written ln t
j
  = X
j
 b + u
j
 , where t is time of adoption and X is a set of characteristics. 
The b parameters in the AFT framework (in table A1) are equal to -b/p from the Weibull proportional
hazard framework (in table 3).  There is no analogous AFT framework for Cox models.
Sources
 : See table 2 sources.