TY  - JOUR
AU  - Ichniowski,Casey
TI  - Have Angels Done More? The Steel Industry Consent Decree
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 674
PY  - 1981
Y2  - May 1981
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w0674
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w0674.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Casey Ichniowski
Graduate School of Business
3022 Broadway Street, 713 Uris Hall
Columbia University
New York, NY 10027
Tel: 212/854-4433
Fax: 212/316-9355
E-Mail: bei1@columbia.edu
AB  - This study analyzes the Consent Decree of the United States' basic steel industry which reformed plant seniority systems to accommodate issues of equal employment opportunity. The plant-by-plant litigation brought under Title VII and Executive Order 11246 is shown to be the main catalyst which brought representatives of the steel industry, of the United Steel Workers of America, and of the appropriate government agencies to negotiate this industry-wide solution. The principal terms of the steel industry Consent Decree are: the establishment of a mechanism to implement the Decree; the uniform institution of plant-wide seniority; the retention of pay rates after transfer to a position that provides a lower pay rate than the previous position; the establishment of goals for minority representation in trade and craft jobs; and a back pay settlement. The analysis of these provisions reveals two related points. Black representation in trade and craft jobs increased in the four year period after the Decree, with an indication that the increase was greater than pre-1974 employment trends would have predicted. However, 1978 black/white employment figures indicate that underutilization of blacks in these positions still persists.
ER  -