TY - JOUR AU - Engerman,Stanley AU - Goldin,Claudia TI - Seasonality in Nineteenth Century Labor Markets JF - National Bureau of Economic Research Historical Working Paper Series VL - No. 20 PY - 1991 Y2 - January 1991 UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/h0020 L1 - http://www.nber.org/papers/h0020.pdf N1 - Author contact info: Stanley L. Engerman Department of Economics University of Rochester Rochester, NY 14627-0156 Tel: 585/275-3165 Fax: 585/256-2309 E-Mail: s.engerman@rochester.edu Claudia Goldin National Bureau of Economic Research 1050 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge, MA 02138 Tel: 617/613-1200 Fax: 617/613-1245 E-Mail: cgoldin@harvard.edu AB - In nineteenth century America, most employment, particularly that in agriculture, was highly seasonal. Thus the movement of labor from outdoor to indoor must have increased labor hours and days per year, thereby resulting in higher national income and greater economic growth. We provide the means to understand two additional dimensions to the decrease in seasonal employment. The first is the reduction in seasonality within each of the sectors. The second is the possibility that employment in the two sectors dovetailed, and that peak-load demands in agriculture were met by the release of labor from manufacturing enterprises. We find an increase to the 1880's and a subsequent decrease in the number of farm laborer per farm and in the harvest premium paid to farm laborers, suggesting that, within agriculture, peak-load employment was reduced. We also find distinct seasonal pattern to manufacturing employment in 1900, with decreases in both summer and winter, hinting that industrial workers may have found summer employment in nearby farming communities. But we conclude, for various reasons, that dovetailing of agricultural and industrial employment in the nineteenth century was slight. Seasonality was reduced during the nineteenth century largely because sectoral shifts transferred laborers from agriculture to manufacturing and because the influence of climate was reduced within each sector. ER -