WORKSHOP ON SOCIETAL IMPLICATIONS OF NANOSCIENCE AND NANOTECHNOLOGY

National Science Foundation, December 3-5, 2003

Science & Engineering Workforce Project at NBER

Briefing Book

Table of Contents

I. Initiative

1.  “White House report touts nanotechnology,” EE Times, October 17, 2003    [page 6]

http://www.eetimes.com/at/news/OEG20031017S0053

2.  “President’s Committee of Advisors on Science and Technology [PCAST] Panel on Nanotechnology: Review of Proposed National Nanotechnology Initiative,” November 1999   [page 7]

http://www.ostp.gov/PCAST/pcastnano2.html

3.  “The National Nanotechnology Initiative,” chapter 2, and “Recommendations,” chapter 5 of Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers: A Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative ( Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press, 2002)   [page 10]

http://books.nap.edu/books/0309084547/html/11.html

http://books.nap.edu/books/0309084547/html/46.html

4.  “Thinking Small: Mike Roco” [interview], Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report, July 2002   [page 20]

http://www.eng.nsf.gov/engnews/2002/FORBESWolfe_July.pdf (page 5)

5.  “National Nanotechnology Initiative: Research and Development Supporting the Next Industrial Revolution – Supplement to the President’s FY2004 Budget” (2003)   [page 21]

http://www.ostp.gov/NSTC/html/nni04_budget_supplement.pdf

6.  Gary Stix, “Little Big Science: Nanotechnology is all the rage.  But will it meet its ambitious goals?  And what the heck is it?,” Scientific American, September 2001   [page 37]

http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00018E72-2E88-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21

7.  James R. Von Ehr II, CEO, Zyvex Corporation, testimony to U.S. Senate Committee on Commerce, Science & Transportation, May 1, 2003   [page 43]

http://commerce.senate.gov/hearings/testimony.cfm?id=745&wit_id=2015

8.  Declan McCullagh, “Big Bucks for Small Technology,” The Library of Economics and Liberty , May 5, 2003    [page 46]

http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2003/McCullaghnano.html

9.  Josh Wolfe, “Nanotechnology’s Power Brokers,” excerpted from The Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report, March 2003   [page 50]

http://www.nanosysinc.com/images/News/NanotechReport_March2003.pdf?p=4

II. Metrics

1.  Survey from Nanotechnology – Size Matters (A 3i white paper in association with the Economist Intelligence Unit and the Institute of Nanotechnology, July 10, 2002)   [page 55]

http://www.nano.org.uk/NanoPaper.pdf

2.  “Nanotechnology” from OECD, STI Scoreboard 2003   [page 62]

http://www1.oecd.org/publications/e-book/92-2003-04-1-7294/A.6.7.htm

3.  “Nanotechnology: An Emerging Technology Set for Economic Breakthrough” from European Report on Science & Technology Indicators   [page 66]

ftp://ftp.cordis.lu/pub/indicators/docs/3rd_report_snaps5.pdf

4.  Zan Huang, Hsinchun Chen, Alan Yip, Gavin Ng, Fei Guo, Zhi-Kai Chen, and Mihail C. Roco, “Longitudinal Patent Analysis for Nanoscale Science and Engineering: Country, Institution and Technology Field,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 2003, vol. 5, Issue 3-4   [page 82]

http://www.nsf.gov/home/crssprgm/nano/jnr5_4__huangchen.pdf

5.  Dora Marinova and Michael McAleer, “Nanotechnology strength indicators: international rankings based on U.S. patents,” Nanotechnology 13, 2002   [page 92]

http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0957-4484/14/1/201/t301r1.pdf

6.  Assorted tables from NanoInvestorNews.com   [page 99]

http://www.nanoinvestornews.com/

III.  Science and Technology

1.  Ivan Amato and the National Science and Technology Council, Nanotechnology: Shaping the World Atom by Atom   [page 103]

http://www.wtec.org/loyola/nano/IWGN.Public.Brochure/

2.  Tim Harper, “What is Nanotechnology?,” Nanotechnology 14, January 2003   [page 113]

http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/0957-4484/14/1/001

3.  Michael Roukes, “Plenty of Room, Indeed: There is plenty of room for practical innovation at the nanoscale.  But first, scientists have to understand the unique physics that governs matter there,” Scientific American, September 2001   [page 119]

http://www.its.caltech.edu/~nano/papers/SciAm-Sep01.pdf

4.  George M. Whitesides and J. Christopher Love, “The art of building small: researchers are discovering cheap, efficient ways to make structures only a few billionths of a meter across,” Scientific American, September 2001   [page 127]

5.  Mike McElfresh, Eveline Baesu, Rod Balhorn, James Belak, Michael J. Allen, and Robert E. Rudd, “Colloquium: Combining constitutive materials modeling with atomic force microscopy to understand the mechanical properties of living cells,” PNAS, vol. 99, suppl. 2, April 30, 2002   [page 136]

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/suppl_2/6493.pdf

6.  Hicham Fenniri, Bo-Liang Deng, Alexander E. Ribbe, Klaas Hallenga, Jaby Jacob, and Pappannan Thiyagarajan, “Colloquium: Entropically driven self-assembly of multichannel rosette nanotubes,” PNAS, vol. 99, suppl. 2, April 30, 2002   [page 141]

http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/99/suppl_2/6487.pdf

7.  Philip Ball, “Tutorial: Natural strategies for the molecular engineer,” Nanotechnology 13, 2002   [page 147]

http://www.iop.org/EJ/article/0957-4484/13/5/201/na25R1.pdf

8.  K. Eric Drexler, “Machine-Phase Nanotechnology,” Scientific American, September 2001

[page 161]

http://www.sciam.com/print_version.cfm?articleID=00066268-1402-1C6F-84A9809EC588EF21

9.  Richard E. Smalley, “Of Chemistry, Love, and Nanobots,” Scientific American, September 2001   [page 163]

http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~smalleyg/rick's%20publications/SA285-76.pdf

10.  etc group, “Will Atomtechnologies work?,” section III of The Big Down: From Genomes to Atoms, January 2003   [page 165]

http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/TheBigDown.pdf

11.  “Important Areas for Investment,” chapter 4 of Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers: A Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative ( Washington , D.C. : National Academies Press, 2002)   [page 172]

http://www.nap.edu/html/smallwonders/smallwonders.pdf

12.  “Feeling the danger: Coatings made from a new class of nanomaterials can detect when their underlying structures are about to fail and cause an accident,” The Economist, 21 June 2003    [page 182]

http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1841030

13.  BBC News, “Tiny robots flex their plastic muscles,” 29 June 2000    [page 183]

http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_811000/811314.stm

14.  A. Paul Alivisatos, “Less is more in medicine: Sophisticated forms of nanotechnology will find some of their real-world applications in biomedical research, disease diagnosis, and, possibly, therapy,” Scientific American, September 2001   [page 186]

15.  “The good in small things: Nanotechnology in biology,” The Economist, December 22, 2001

[page 193]

http://www.economist.com/displayStory.cfm?Story_ID=916725

16.  “Defining nanotubes,” The Economist, June 21, 2003    [page 196]

http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1841092

17.  “Nanofiltered Water: The Petroleum of the 21^st Century,” Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report, July 2002   [page 197]

http://www.eng.nsf.gov/engnews/2002/FORBESWolfe_July.pdf

18.  Josh Wolfe, “Nanotech on the Front Lines,” forbes.com, March 19, 2003    [page 198]

http://www.forbes.com/2003/03/19/cz_jw_0319soapbox.html

IV.  Economics

1.  “Beyond the nanohype,” The Economist, March 15, 2003    [page 200]

http://www.economist.com/science/tq/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1620842

2.  etc group, “Who and Where will it impact?,” section IV of The Big Down: From Genomes to Atoms, January 2003   [page 202]

http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/TheBigDown.pdf

3.  Michael R. Darby and Lynne G. Zucker, “Grilichesian Breakthroughs: Inventions of Methods of Inventing and Firm Entry in Nanotechnology,” NBER Working Paper 9825, July 2003

[page 211]

http://papers.nber.org/papers/W9825

4.  “U.S. Nanomaterials Demand to Reach $35 Billion in 2020,” www.NanoInvestorNews.com, July 14, 2003    [page 243]

http://www.NanoInvestorNews.com

5.  Eric Roston, “Very Small Business: Nanotech is slowly seeping into everything from stain-resistant khakis to cancer drugs,” Time, September 23, 2002    [page 244]

6.  Alan Marty, advisory board member of the Nanobusiness Alliance, testimony to the Committee on Science of the U.S. House of Representatives, March 19, 2003   [page 249]

http://www.house.gov/science/hearings/full03/mar19/marty.htm

7.  “Follow the Money” and “Companies to Watch,” Forbes/Wolfe Nanotech Report, July 2002

[page 253]

http://www.eng.nsf.gov/engnews/2002/FORBESWolfe_July.pdf

8.  Sarah Lacy, “Nanotech is more than hype, but hasn’t lured big VC bucks,” Silicon Valley/ San Jose Business Journal, June 3, 2002    [page 256]

http://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/stories/2002/06/03/story5.html?jst=s_rs_hl

9.  Jack Mason, “Consultants are sprouting up all over nano, but growth is slow,” smalltimes.com, September 3, 2003    [page 258]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6578

10.  Candace Stuart, “Nanotechnology industry’s next feature: Invasion of the lawyers,” smalltimes.com, November 7, 2002    [page 260]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=4975

11.  Eric W. Pfeiffer, “Nanotech Reality Check: New Report Tries to cut hype, keep numbers real,” smalltimes.com, March 11, 2002    [page 262]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=3237

12.  Patrick Di Justo, “Nanotech Gets Down to Business,” Wired News, May 14, 2003    [page 264]

http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,58823,00.html

13.  Manny Frishberg, “Thinking Big About Nanotechnology,” Wired News, May 21, 2002

[page 267]

http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,52552,00.html

V. Education

1.  W.J. McG. Tegart, “Nanotechnology: The Challenge for the Educators,” ATSE Focus [The Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering], no. 124, November/December 2002   [page 270]

http://www.atse.org.au/publications/focus/focus-tegart5.htm

2.  Mihail C. Roco, “Converging science and technology at the nanoscale: opportunities for education and training,” Nature Biotechnology, vol. 21, no. 10, October 2003   [page 275]

http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nbt/journal/v21/n10/full/nbt1003-1247.html

3.  M.C. Roco, “Nanoscale science and engineering education activities in the United States (2001-2002), Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 3, 2002   [page 278]

http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1019996207166

4.  Viola Vogel and Charles T. Campbell, “Education in Nanotechnology: Launching the First Ph.D. Program,” Int. J. Engnd. Ed., vol. 18, no. 5, 2002   [page 282]

http://depts.washington.edu/chemfac/bulkdisk/reprints/campbell/ijee_18_498.pdf

5.  Stephen J. Fonash, “Education and training of the nanotechnology workforce,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 3, 2001   [page 290]

http://www.nanofab.psu.edu/pdf/fulltext%20Education%20and%20training%20of%20the%20nanotechnology%20workforce.pdf

VI.  Social Implications

1.  “Nanotechnology and Societal Change: How Can We Maximize the Benefits and Minimize the Potential Problems?,” The National Science Foundation’s Engineering News, ca. 2001   [page 294]

http://www.eng.nsf.gov/engnews/2001/01-05_nanotech_and_societal_ch.htm

2.  Testimony of Ray Kurzweil, Vicki Colvin, Langdon Winner, and Christine Peterson on the “Societal Implications of Nanotechnology” before the Committee on Science, U.S. House of Representatives, April 9, 2003   [page 296]

http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/science/hsy86340.000/hsy86340_0f.htm

3.  Tim Harper, “Greenpeace to nanotechnology: let’s be rational about this,”nanotechweb.org,  August 1, 2003    [page 310]

http://www.nanotechweb.org/articles/column/2/8/1/1

4.  Alexander Huw Arnall, Future Technologies, Today’s Choices: Nanotechnology, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics; A technical, political, and institutional map of emerging technologies (A report for the Greenpeace Environmental Trust, July 2003)   [page 312]

http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/MultimediaFiles/Live/FullReport/5886.pdf

5.  Center for Responsible Nanotechnology, “A Technical Commentary on Greenpeace’s Nanotechnology Report,” September 2003   [page 344]

http://crnano.org/Greenpeace.htm

VII. Concerns

1.  Douglas Brown, “Perception May Be Nano’s Biggest Enemy, Leaders Tell Congress,” smalltimes.com, April 10, 2003    [page 353]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=6249

2.  “Trouble in nanoland: Plagued by both pessimism and hype, can nanotechnology grow up?,”         The Economist, December 7, 2002    [page 355]

http://www.economist.com/science/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1477445

3.  William Sims Bainbridge, “Public attitudes toward nanotechnology,” Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 4, 2002   [page 357]

http://mysite.verizon.net/william.bainbridge/dl/nanotech.htm

4.  “No small matter -- A backlash against nanotechnology.... will spawn a new discipline: nanoethics,”Red Herring, December 16, 2002    [page 367]

http://www.redherring.com/Article.aspx?f=Articles/Archive/insider/2002/12/10trends-nanotech121602.xml&hed=No%20small%20matter

5.  Anisa Mnyusiwalla, Abdallah S. Daar, and Peter A. Singer, “‘Mind the gap’: science and ethics in nanotechnology,” Nanotechnology 14, 2003   [page 369]

http://ej.iop.org/links/q97/,a1hLXVJQ7,LebjmT9K,KQ/t303R1.pdf

6.  Bill Joy, “Why the future doesn’t need us.  Our most powerful 21^st-century technologies – robotics, genetic engineering, and nanotech – are threatening to make humans an endangered species,” Wired Magazine, issue 8.04, April 2000   [page 374]

http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.04/joy.html

7.  etc group, “No Small Matter! Nanotech Particles Penetrate Living Cells and Accumulate in Animal Organs,” Communiqué, issue #76, May/June 2002   [page 388]

http://online.sfsu.edu/~rone/Nanotech/nosmallmatter.html

8.  etc group, “Green Goo: Nanobiotechnology comes alive!,” Communiqué, issue #77, January/February 2003   [page 396]

http://www.etcgroup.org/documents/comm_greengoo77.pdf

9.  Chris Phoenix, “Molecular Manufacturing: Start Planning,” FAS Public Interest Report, Spring 2003   [page 397]

http://www.fas.org/faspir/2003/v56n2/nanotech.htm

10.  Jessica Gorman, “Taming High-Tech Particles: Cautious steps into the nanotech future,”      Science News Online, vol. 161, no. 13, March 30, 2002    [page 401]

http://www.sciencenews.org/20020330/bob8.asp

11.  “Nanotechnology: opportunity or threat?,” CORDIS News, June 12, 2003    [page 405]

http://dbs.cordis.lu/cgi-bin/srchidadb?CALLER=NHP_EN_NEWS&ACTION=D&SESSION=&RCN=EN_RCN_ID:20401

12.  Robert F. Service, “Is Nanotechnology Dangerous?,” Science magazine   [page 408]

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/290/5496/1526

13.  “Nanotech is not so scary,” Nature, vol. 421, no. 6921, 23 January 2003    [page 411]

http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nature/journal/v421/n6921/full/421299a_r.html

14.  Freeman J. Dyson, “The Future Needs Us!” [a review of Chrichton’s Prey and critique of Bill Joy], New York Review of Books, February 13, 2003    [page 412]

http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16053

15.  Doug Brown, “U.S. Regulators Want to Know whether Nanotech Can Pollute,” smalltimes.com, March 8, 2002    [page 415]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=3231

16.  Scott R. Burnell, “Scientists say a nanomaterial moratorium would be a bad idea,” smalltimes.com, September 12, 2002    [page 417]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=4599

17.  Candace Stuart, “Watchdogs say stop nanotech, start world wide dialogue,” smalltimes.com, January 31, 2003    [page 419]

http://www.smalltimes.com/document_display.cfm?document_id=5417

18.  Barnaby J. Feder, “Nanotechnology Group to Address Safety Concerns,” New York Times, July 6, 2003    [page 421]

http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/07/business/07NANO.html

19.  David Malakoff, “Congress Wants Studies of Nanotech’s ‘Dark Side,’” Science magazine, vol. 301, July 4, 2003    [page 422]

http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/301/5629/27a