Office: Department of Economics, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59th Street,

Chicago, Illinois 60637; 773-702-8166

Personal: Born, September 1938, at Chicago, Illinois, Married, United States citizen

Education: B.S., Purdue University, Economics, 1960

M.A., University of Chicago, Economics, 1962

Ph.D., University of Chicago, Economics, 1966

Honors and Elected Societies

Ford Foundation Dissertation Fellow, 1963-4

National Bureau of Economic Research, Research Fellow, 1967-68 Fellow, Econometric Society, 1976

Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1984

Member, Mont Pelerin Society, 1988

Distinguished Alumnus, Purdue University, 1992

Member, National Academy of Sciences, 1998

Academic Positions

University of Chicago: Edwin A. and Betty L. Bergman Distinguished Service Professor, since 1992; Bergman Professor of Economics, 1983-92; Professor of Economics, 1977-83, Department Chairman, 1988-1994.

University of Rochester: Assistant Professor of Economics, 1964; Associate Professor of Economics, 1968; Professor of Economics, 1970; Kenan Professor of Economics, 1975.

Research Affiliations

National Bureau of Economic Research, Senior Research Associate since 1968

Hoover Institution: Senior Research Fellow, 1983-96; Senior Fellow since 1997

Visiting Positions

University of Buffalo, Visiting Associate Professor of Economics, 1970 Harvard University, Visiting Professor of Economics, 1972-73

Columbia University, Visiting Professor of Economics, 1974 Stanford University, Visiting Professor of Economics, 1976

Editing: Editor, Journal of Political Economy, since 1986

Associate Editor Journal of Labor Economics, since 1983

Associate Editor Journal of Economic Education, since 1989

Editorial Board, Journal of Economic Perspectives, 1989-92

Editorial Board, American Economic Review 1970-74, 1982-85

Editorial Board Review of Economics and Statistics, 1973-84

Associate Editor, Journal of Econometrics, 1972-77

Associate Editor, Econometrica, 1975-84 Co-Editor, Bell Journal of Economics (Rand Journal of Economics), 1981-86

Editorial Board, Review of Economics and Statistics, 1973-84 Associate Editor, Economics Letters, 1979-84

Panels, Committees and Service Activities

1972-73 U.S. Department of Labor, Consultant.

1972-74 National Science Foundation, Advisory Panel in Economics. 1973 Chairman, NAS-NRC Panel on Manpower Training Evaluation. 1973-75 U.S. Social Security Administration, Consultant.

1978 NAS/IM Panel on Food and Safety and Its Societal Impact (Saccharine).

1979 Federal Communications Commission, Consultant.

1979-84 Irving Fisher and Frank Taussig Awards Panel.

1982-85 Advisory Council for Manpower Programs, Center for Naval Analysis.

1986-88 Board of University of Chicago Publications.

1988-89 Chairman, University of Chicago Faculty Committee on Uncapping of Mandatory Retirement.

1989 Oversight Panel, National Science Foundation, Economics Division.

1989-90 AAU Advisory Committee on Mandatory Retirement. 1990- Board of Trustees, Joint Council on Economic Education New York.

1992-96 Sloan Foundation Economics Dissertation Selection Committee.

1996-99 U.S. Congressional Budget Office, Panel of Economic Advisers.

1999 NAS/NRC Committee for a Study of Airline Competition in the U.S.

Professional Societies

1978 Conference on Income and Wealth, NBER; 1989-1995 Exec. Comm.

1979 American Economic Association, Nominating Committee. 1981-83 American Economic Association, Census Advisory Committee. 1986-88 American Economic Association, Executive Committee.

1992-95 American Economic Association, Committee on Economic Education.

1994 American Economic Association, Vice-President.

2000 American Economic Association, President-Elect (for 2001)

1996-7 Midwest Economic Association, President.

2000 Society of Labor Economists, President

Publications

Books

A Disequilibrium Model of Demand for Factors of Production (with M.I. Nadiri), National Bureau of Economic Research, General Series, No. 99, (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973).

Studies in Labor Markets (editor), Universities-National Bureau of Economic Research (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981).

Organizations and Institutions: Sociological and Economic Approaches to the Analysis of Social Structure (co-editor with Christopher Winship), a special issue of the American Journal of Sociology 94, 1988.

Implicit Contract Theory (editor), Edward Elgar: London, 1994.

Articles

"Short-Run Employment Variation on Class-I Railroads in the U.S., 1947-64," Econometrica 36 (October 1968): 511-529. Reprinted in Ashenfelter and Hallock, Labor Economics, Vol 1, Elgar, 1995

"On the Interindustry Wage and Hours Structure," Journal of Political Economy 77 (March/April 1969): 249-273.

"Trade Union Power, Threat Effects and Extent of Organization," Review of Economic Studies 36 (April 1969): 185-196.

"Interrelated Factor Demand Functions" (with M.I. Nadiri), American Economic Review 59 (Sept. 1969): 457-471. Reprinted in Galeazzi and Hamermesh, Dynamic Labor Demand and Adjustment Costs, 1992.

"Trade Unionism and the Occupational Wage Structure in the U.S.," International Economic Review 11 (June1970): 269-285.

"Labor Supply and Income Redistribution" (with F. Welch), Review of Economics and Statistics 53 (August 1971): 278-282.

"Some Externalities in Program Evaluation," in M. Borus (ed.), Evaluating the Impact of Manpower Programs, (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books, 1971: 215-230.

"Learning and Experience in the Labor Market," Journal of Human Resources VII (Summer 1972): 326-342. Reprinted in Ashenfelter and LaLonde, The Economics of Training. Vol 1, Elgar, 1996

"Learning by Experience as Joint Production," Quarterly Journal of Economics 86 (August 1972): 366-382.

"Human Capital and the Internal Rate of Return," IRRA 1973 Proceedings (26th Annual Winter Meetings, New York): 243-250.

"Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition," Journal of Political Economy 82 (January/February 1974): 34-55. Reprinted in John Quigley (ed.), The Economics of Housing, 1997, in Wallace Oates (ed.), The Economics of the Environment, 1992; Thisse and Norman, The Economics of Product Differentiation, 1994 and in Ashenfelter and Hallock, Labor Economics, Vol 4, 1995.

"A Disequilibrium Model of Demand for Factors of Production: Summary" (with M.I. Nadiri), American Economic Review 64 (May 1974): 264-270.

"Measuring the Obsolescence of Knowledge," in T. Juster (ed.), Education, Income, and Human Behavior, a report prepared for the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education, a Conference of the National Bureau of Economic Research (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1975): 199-234.

"Discrimination in the Market for Public School Teachers" (with J. Antos), Journal of Econometrics 3 (May 1975): 123-150.

"The Value of Saving a Life: Evidence from the Labor Market" (with R. Thaler), in N. Terleckyj (ed.), Household Production and Consumption, NBER Studies in Income and Wealth, Vol. 40 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), pp. 265-297.

"A Theory of Life Earnings," Journal of Political Economy 84 (August 1976, pt. 2): 545-568.

"Human Capital: A Survey of Empirical Research," in R.G. Ehrenberg (ed.), Research in Labor Economics, Vol. I (JAI Press, 1977), pp. 3-40.

"Human Capital: Relations Between Education and Earnings," in M. Intriligator (ed.), Frontiers of Qualitative Economics, Vol. IIIB (Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company, 1977): 731-754.

"Social Security and the Economy," in M. Boskin (ed.), The Crisis in Social Security (San Francisco: Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1977): 86-106.

"Advertising, Information and Product Differentiation," in D. Tuerck (ed.), The Economics of Persuasion: The Effects of Advertising on Industrial Performance (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1978): 161-192.

"Substitution and Division of Labor," Economica 45 (August 1978): 235-250.

"Monopoly and Product Quality" (with M. Mussa), Journal of Economic Theory 18 (August 1978): 301-317. Reprinted in Thisse and Norman (eds.) The Economics of Product Differentiation, Elgar, 1994.

"The Supply of Work Schedules and Employment," in R. Clark (ed.), Work Time and Employment, National Commission for Manpower Policy, Special Report No. 28 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978): 145-174.

"On a Wage Based Index of Urban Quality of Life," in P. Mieszkowski and M. Strassheim (eds.), Studies in Urban Economics, Vol. II (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), pp. 74-104.

"Changes in the Impact of Education and Income on Mortality in the U.S." (with P. Taubman), American Statistical Association Proceedings, 1979.

Education and Self-Selection" (with R. Willis), Journal of Political Economy 87 (October 1979, pt. 2): S7-S36. Reprinted in E. Stromsdorfer and S. Farkas (eds.), Evaluation Studies Review Annual, Vol. 5 (Sage Publications, 1980) and in Ashenfelter and Hallock, Labor Economics, Vol 2, 1995

"The Economics of Compensation for High Government Officials" (with E. Lazear), in R. Hartman and A. Weber (eds.), The Rewards of Public Service: Compensating Top Federal Officials (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1980), pp. 101-139.

"Income Prospects and Job Mobility of Young Men" (with G. Borjas), in R. Ehrenberg (ed.), Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 3 (JAI Press, 1980), pp. 101-139.

"Two Books on the Measurement of Capital" (with S. Engerman), in Dan Usher (ed.), The Measurement of Capital, NBER Income and Wealth series (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980): 153-174.

"Valuing Health Risk," American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings 71 (May 1981): 241-245.

"Rank-Order Tournaments as Optimal Labor Contracts" (with E. Lazear), Journal of Political Economy 89 (October 1981): 841-864. Reprinted in M. Kleiner (ed.) Industrial Relations: Institutions and Organizational Performance, Dartmouth Publishing, 1994, in Ashenfelter and Hallock, Labor Economics, Vol 2, 1995, and in Hallock and Murphy, The Economics of Executive Compensation, 1999.

"The Economics of Superstars," American Economic Review 71 (December, 1981): 845-858. A nontechnical version appears in The American Scholar 52 (Autumn 1983): 449-460.

"Financing Social Security," Journal of Contemporary Studies IV (Fall 1981): 39-58.

"Changes in Life Cycle Earnings: What Do Social Security Data Show?" (with P. Taubman), Journal of Human Resources 17 (Fall 1982): 321-338.

"Healthiness, Education and Marital Status" (with P. Taubman), in V. Fuchs (ed.), Economic Aspects of Health (Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1982): 121-142.

"Some Socioeconomic Determinants of Mortality" (with P. Taubman), in J. van der Gaag, W.B. Neenan and T. Tsukuhara (eds.), Economics of Health Care (New York: Praeger, 1982).

"Social Security in the United States," in J.-J. Rosa (ed.), The World Crisis in Social Security (San Francisco: Bonnell, Institute for Contemporary Studies, 1982): 255-271.

"Authority, Control and the Distribution of Earnings," Bell Journal of Economics 13 (Autumn 1982): 311-323, reprinted in Hallock and Murphy, The Economics of Executive Compensation, 1999.

"Specialization and Human Capital," Journal of Labor Economics 1 (no. 1, January 1983): 43-49.

"Some Arithmetic of Social Security," in C. Campbell (ed.), Controlling the Cost of Social Security (Lexington, Mass.: Lexington Books for American Enterprise Institute, 1983): 233-256.

"Unemployment and Insurance," in K. Brunner and A. Meltzer (eds.), Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 19 (Autumn 1983): 5-50.

"Implicit Contracts: A Survey," Journal of Economic Literature 23 (September 1985): 1144-1175. Spanish translation, El Trimestre Economico 55 (2), Fondo de Cultura Economica, Mexico City, #218. Reprinted in G.K. Shaw (ed.), The Keynesian Heritage, Vol. 2., London: Edward Elgar Publishing, 1988.

"The Theory of Equalizing Differences," in O. Ashenfelter and R. Layard (eds.), Handbook of Labour Economics, Vol. 1 (North-Holland, 1986), pp. 641-692.

"Prizes and Incentives in Elimination Tournaments," American Economic Review 76 (September 1986): 701-715.

"Pension Inequality" (with E. Lazear), in Z. Bodie, J.B. Shoven and D.A. Wise (eds.), Issues in Pension Economics (Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the National Bureau of Economic Research, 1987): 341-364.

"Dynamic Animal Economics," American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69 (August 1987): 547-557.

"Some Economics of Teaching," Journal of Labor Economics 5 (October 1987): 561-575.

"Human Capital," The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, London: MacMillan, 1987.

"Promotions, Elections and Other Contests," Journal of Theoretical and Institutional Economics

(Zeitschrift fur die gesamte Staatswissenschaft) 144 (February 1988): 73-90.

"Housing Investment in the United States" (with R. Topel), Journal of Political Economy 96 (August, 1988): 718-740.

"Transactions Costs and Internal Labor Markets," Journal of Economics, Law and Organization 4 (Spring 1988): 49-64. Reprinted in O.E. Williamson and S.G. Winter (eds.) The Nature of the Firm, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

"The Value of Changes in Life Expectancy," Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1 (1988): 285-304. A longer version entitled, "The Quantity and Quality of Life," appears in G. Tolley, D. Kenkel and R. Fabian (eds.), Valuing Health for Polity: An Economic Approach, University of Chicago Press, 1994: 221-48.

"Male/Female Wage Differentials in Job Ladders" (with E. Lazear), Journal of Labor Economics 8 (January 1990, pt. 2): S106-S123. Reprinted in Marriane Ferber, Women in the Labor Market, 1999.

"Research in High School Education" (with W. Becker and W. Greene), American Economic Review 80 (May 1990): 14-22. A complete version appears in The Journal of Economic Education 21 (Summer 1990): 231-245. An updated version appears in W.B. Walstead (ed.) An International Perspective on Economic Education, Kluwer, 1994.

"Disability Accommodation and the Labor Market," in Carolyn Weaver (ed.), Disability and Work: Incentives, Rights and Opportunities (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1991.

"Human Capital and Economic Development," in M. Friedman, J.M. Buchanan, et.al. Toward an Open World Order, Tokyo, 1991 (in Japanese).

"The Market for Lawyers," Journal of Law and Economics 35 (October 1992): 215-246.

"Contracts and the Market for Executives," in Lars Werin and Hans Wijkander (eds.), Contract Economics, Oxford: Blackwell, 1992: 181-211. Reprinted in K. F. Hallock and K. J. Murphy, The Economics of Executive Compensation, Cheltenham, 1999.

"The Military as an Internal Labor Market: Some Allocation, Productivity and Incentive Problems," Social Science Quarterly 73 (June 1992): 217-237.

"The Learning Effect of Assessment and Evaluation in High School," (with William Becker), Economics of Education Review 11 (April, 1992): 107-118.

"Distinguished Fellow: Mincering Labor Economics," Journal of Economic Perspectives 6 (Spring 1992): 157-170.

"The Decline of the Midwest," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance 33 (Spring 1993): 1-14.

"Risks and Rewards: Gary Becker's Contribution to Economics," Scandinavian Journal of Economics 95 (1993): 25-36.

"H. Gregg Lewis and Modern Labor Economics," Journal of Labor Economics 2 (January 1994): 139-43.

"George Stigler and the Industrial Organization of Economic Thought," Journal of Political Economy 101 (October 1993): 809-817.

"Cattle Cycles," (with K. M. Murphy and J. Scheinkman) Journal of Political Economy 102 (June 1994): 468-92.

"Publically Provided Goods and Services in a Transition Economy," (with E. Lazear) in E. Lazear, Economic Transition in Eastern Europe and Russia: Realities of Reform, Hoover Press, 1995.

"Managerial Compensation, Capital and Investment," in Horst Siebert (ed), Trends in Business Organization: Do Participation and Cooperation Increase Competitiveness? Institut für Weltwirtschaftander, Universität Kiel, J.C.B. Mohr (Paul Siebeck) Tübingen, 1995: 143-58.

"Some Economics of Pre-college Teaching," (with F. Flyer) in W. Baumol and W. Becker (eds.) Assessing Educational Practices MIT Press, 1996.

"Public Employment, Taxes and The Welfare State in Sweden," in The Welfare State in Transition, R. Freeman, B. Swedenborg and R. Topel (eds.) NBER, University of Chicago Press, 1997. A nontechnical summary appears in Journal of Economic Literature 24 (June 1996): 729-740.

"The 'New' Economics of Teachers and Education," (with F. Flyer) Journal of Labor Economics 15 (Jan. 1997, pt. 2): S104-S139.

"The Equilibrium Approach to Labor Markets," Cuadernos de Economia, Ano 33, No. 99 (August 1996): 189-204.

"Ticket Pricing," (with A. Rosenfield), The Journal of Law and Economics, XL (Oct. 1997): 351-376.

"Neoclassical and Austrian Economics: Any Gains From Trade?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 11 (Fall 1997): 139-152

"Manufactured Inequality," Journal of Labor Economics 15 (April 1997): 189-196.

"Unraveling in Assignment Markets," (with Li Hao), American Economic Review 88 (No. 3, June 1998): 371-387

"Incentives, Efficiency and Government Provision of Services," (with Bruce Weinberg), in B. Pleskovic and J. Stiglitz (eds.), Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, 1997, Washington DC, 1998

"Labor in a Growing Economy," (with E. Lazear) in K. Judd and Y. Lee (eds) An Agenda for Economic Reform in Korea: International Perspective Hoover Institution (forthcoming).

"The Theory of Earnings Distributions," (with D. Neal) in A. Atkinson and F. Bourgignon, Handbook of Income Distribution, North Holland, 2000 (forthcoming).

"Potato Paradoxes," Journal of Political Economy 107 (No. 6, pt. 2, Dec 1999) S294-S314

"Labor Markets in Professional Sports," (with A. Sanderson), Economic Journal, 2000 (forthcoming).

Notes, Comments and Short Articles

"The Nursing Shortage: Comment," in H. Klarman (ed.), Empirical Studies in Health Economics (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1970): 390-394.

"Occupational Statistics: Discussion," in American Statistical Association, Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, 1971: 20.

"A Note on the Estimation of Labor Supply Effects and Income Redistribution Policy" (with F. Welch), Journal of Human Resources (Winter 1972): 104-111.

"Effects of Child Care Programs on Women's Work Effort: Comment," Journal of Political Economy 82 (Supplement, March/April 1974): 164-169.

"The Demand for Health Insurance and Preventive Medicine: Comment," in R.N. Rosett (ed.), The Role of Health Insurance in the Health Services Sector, UNBER Research Series, No. 27 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1976): 67-71.

"Unemployment and Job Search Decisions: Comment," Industrial and Labor Relations Review 30 (July, 1977): 518-20

"Commentary on Price-Theoretic Approach to the Specification and Estimation of the Sales-Advertising Function," Journal of Business 53 (July 1980, pt. 2): 139-142.

"An Overview of the Effect of Minimum Wages on Employment Opportunities," in S. Rottenberg (ed.), The Economics of Legal Minimum Wages (Washington: American Enterprise Institute, 1981): 485-490.

"Economics and Entrepreneurs," in J. Ronen (ed.), Entrepreneurship (New York: Lexington Books, 1983).

"Job Information and Education," "Self-Selection and Education," and "Vintage Effects and Education," International Encyclopedia of Education (London: Pergamon Press, 1985, second edition, 1992).

"A Note on Aggregation of Skills and Labor Quality," Journal of Human Resources 18 (Summer, 1983): 425-462.

"The Economics of Superstars: Reply" (to Peter Bowbrick), American Economic Review 73 (June 1983): 460-462.

"Unemployment and Insurance: Reply" (to Robert Gordon), Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy 19 (Autumn 1983): 61-68.

"The Effects of Social Security on the Labor Supply of the Aged: Comment," in H. Aaron and G. Burtless, (eds.), Retirement and Economic Behavior (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1984).

"The Relative Deprivation Curve and its Applications," Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 2 (Oct. 1984): 395-97.

"On Defense of the Contract at Will: Commentary," University of Chicago Law Review 51 (Fall, 1984), pp. 983-987.

"Income Maintenance Policy and Work Effort: Learning from Experiments and Labor Market Studies: Comment," in J. A. Hausman and D. Wise (eds.), Social Experimentation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER, 1985): 134-37.

"Golden Parachutes, Executive Decision-Making and Shareholder Wealth: Commentary," Journal of Accounting and Economics 7 (1985): 205-208.

"The Structure of Uncertainty and the Use of Nontransferable Pensions as a Mobility-Reduction Device: Comment," in D. Wise (ed.), Pensions, Labor and Individual Choices, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985): 248-251.

"Valuing Environmental Goods: An Assessment of the Contingent Valuation Methods: The Review Panel's Assessment: Comments," in R.G. Cummings, D. Brookshire and W. Schultze, Valuing Environmental Goods (Rowman and Littlefield, 1986): 94-97

"Unobservable Family and Individual Contributions to the Distributions of Income and Wealth: Comment" Journal of Labor Economics 4 (July, 1986, pt. 2): S80-S82

"The Accumulation of Human and Nonhuman Capital: 1948-84: Comment," in Lipsey and Tice (eds.), The Measurement of Savings, Investment and Wealth, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989): 282-285.

"Population Aging and the Timing of Old-Age Benefits: Discussion," in E. Lazear and R. Ricardo-Campbell (eds.), Issues in Contemporary Retirement, (Palo Alto, CA: Hoover Institution, 1988): 372-374.

"Sales Versus Producing in Market Fluctuations: Discussion," Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 33 (1990): 89-91.

"How Do the Elderly Form Expectations? Comment" in David Wise (ed), Issues in the Economics of Aging (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, for the NBER, 1990): 283-285.

"Taxes and Capital Formation: How Important is Human Capital? Comment" in D. Bernheim and J. Shoven, eds., The Taxation of Income for Capital, NBER, University of Chicago Press, 1991: 197-200.

"The Quality Dimension in Army Retention: Commentary," in C.L. Gilroy, D.K. Horne and D.A. Smith, (eds.), Military Compensation and Personnel Retention, Washington: U.S. Army Research Institute, 1991: 239-242.

"Mismatch: A Framework for Thought: Discussion," in Fiorella Padoa-Schioppa(ed.), Mismatch and Labor Mobility (London: Cambridge University Press, 1991): 101-104.

"Data Difficulties in Labor Economics: Comment," in Ernst Berndt and Jack Triplett (eds.), 50 Years of Economic Measurement, Conference on Research and Wealth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991): 295-298.

"Incentive Regulation of Nursing Homes: Comment," in D. Wise, Studies in The Economics of Aging (Chicago: University of Chicago Press for the NBER, 1994): 301-303.

"Productivity in the Distributive Trades: Comment," in Zvi Griliches (ed.),Output Measurement in the Service Sector, Conference on Research in Income and Wealth, (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991): 191-93

"Test Scores and Relative Wages: A Curious Hypothesis of Supply: Commentary," in Marvin Kosters (ed.), Workers and Their Wages, Washington, D.C.: AEI Press 1991: 187-190.

"Implicit Contracts," Encyclopedia of Business Cycles, Panics, Crises and Depressions, Garland Publishing, 1997.

"Education, Economic Aspects," Enciclopedia delle Scienze Sociali, (in Italian), 1995.

"Institutional Transformation: Supply or Demand? Concluding Comment" Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, 152 (March,1996): 275-86.

"Crossing the Line," Economic Inquiry, 36 (July, 1998): 147-49

Reviews

Derek Robinson, Wage Drift, Fringe Benefits and Manpower Distribution, in Kyklos 23 (Fasc. 1, 1970): 183-184.

Lester Thurow, Poverty and Discrimination, in Journal of Human Resources 5 (Fall 1970): 524-526.

David Gordon, Theories of Poverty and Unemployment, in Journal of Political Economy 82 (March 1974): 437-439.

Alicia Munnell, The Effect of Social Security on Personal Saving, in Journal of Economic Literature 14 (December 1976): 1348-1350.

Fritz Machlup, Knowledge: Its Creation, Distribution and Economic Significance, Vol. 3, in Journal of Economic Literature 24 (March, 1986): 141-143.

Jay B. Barney and William Ouchi, Organizational Economics, in Industrial and Labor Relations Review 42 (July 1989): 681-682.

Robert Frank and Phillip Cook, The Winner Take All Society, in Journal of Economic Literature 34 (March 1996): 133-135.