Table 14.  Implicit tax rates on continued work embedded in benefits for the elderly in OECD countries, 1995


                Old-age pensionOld age pensions plus:
                               Unemployment relatedDisability benefits Special early-retirement 2
United States                12                 ..                  ..                   ..
Japan                        28                 ..                  ..                   ..
Germany                      14                  37                  46                  ..
France                       14                  49                 ..                    57
Italy                        79                ..3                 ..3                  ..3
United Kingdom                5                  15                 ..                   ..
Canada                        6                 ..                  ..                   ..
Australia                     0                  20                  21                  ..
Austria                      34                  34                  64                  ..
Belgium                      23                  37                  44                   56
Denmark                       0                  51                  37                   22
Finland                      22                  42                  71                  ..
Ireland                      14                  32                  32                  ..
Luxembourg                   29                  65                  63                   51
Netherlands                   8                  57                  41                .. 4
New Zealand                   9                  27                 ..                   ..
Norway                       15                 ..                   65                   17
Portugal                      4                  33                  66                  ..
Spain                        18                  33                  53                  ..
Sweden                       18                 ..                   76                  ..
Switzerland                   0                 ..                  ..                   ..
1. ".." denotes that early retirement into the non-employment benefit system is not an option because of
    entitlement conditions.
2. ".." denotes that there are no public schemes or that such schemes are not used much.
3. These schemes are not relevant for a worker with a long contribution history as he can benefit from
    a full old age pension and retire before the standard retirement age.
4. Special early retirement schemes in the Netherlands are not mandatory.
Source:  Blöndal and Scarpetta (1999), "Early retirement in OECD countries: the role of social security systems," OECD
             Economic Studies No. 29, 1997/II.