TY  - JOUR
AU  - O'Rourke,Kevin H.
AU  - Williamson,Jeffrey G.
TI  - "Around the European Periphery 1870-1913: Globalization, Schooling and  Growth"
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 5392
PY  - 1995
Y2  - December 1995
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w5392
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w5392.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Kevin H. O'Rourke
All Souls College
Oxford University
Oxford OX1 4AL, UK
Tel: + 44 (0)1865 279 348
Fax: 353-1-6772503
E-Mail: kevin.orourke@all-souls.ox.ac.uk

Jeffrey G. Williamson
350 South Hamilton Street #1002
Madison, WI 53703
Tel: 608-441-0023
Fax: 608-204-0783
E-Mail: jwilliam@fas.harvard.edu
AB  - On average, the poor European periphery converged on the rich industrial core in the four or five decades prior to World War I. Some, like the three Scandinavian economies, used industrialization to achieve a spectacular convergence on the leaders, especially in real wages and living standards.  Some, like Ireland, seemed to do it without industrialization.  Some, like Italy, underwent less spectacular catch-up, and it was limited to the industrializing North. Some, like Iberia, actually fell back.  What accounts for this variety?  What role did trade and tariff policy play?  What about emigration and capital flows?  What about schooling?  We offer a tentative assessment of these contending explanations and conclude that globalization was by far the dominant force accounting for convergence (and divergence) around the periphery.  Some exploited it well, and some badly.
ER  -