TY  - JOUR
AU  - Krugman,Paul R.
TI  - Increasing Returns and the Theory of International Trade
JF  - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
VL  - No. 1752
PY  - 1985
Y2  - November 1985
UR  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w1752
L1  - http://www.nber.org/papers/w1752.pdf
N1  - Author contact info:
Paul R. Krugman
Department of Economics
Princeton University
Woodrow Wilson School
Princeton, NJ  08544
Tel: 609/258-4570
Fax: 609/258-2809
E-Mail: pkrugman@princeton.edu
AB  - Increasing returns are as fundamental a cause of international trade as comparative advantage, but their role has until recently been neglected because of the problem of modelling market structure. Recently substantial theoretical progress has been made using three different approaches. These are the Marshallian approach, where economies of scale are assumed external to firms; the Chamberlinian approach, where imperfect competition takes the relatively tractable form of monopolistic competition; and the Cournot approach of noncooperative quantity-setting firms. This paper surveys the basic concepts and results of each approach. It shows that some basic insights are not too sensitive to the particular model of market structure. Although much remains to be done, we have made more progress toward a general analysis of increasing returns and trade than anyone would have thought possible even a few years ago.
ER  -