TY - JOUR AU - Anderson,Patricia M. AU - Butcher,Kristin F. AU - Schanzenbach,Diane Whitmore TI - Childhood Disadvantage and Obesity: Is Nurture Trumping Nature? JF - National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series VL - No. 13479 PY - 2007 Y2 - October 2007 UR - http://www.nber.org/papers/w13479 L1 - http://www.nber.org/papers/w13479.pdf N1 - Author contact info: Patricia M. Anderson Department of Economics Dartmouth College 6106 Rockefeller Hanover, NH 03755-3514 Tel: 603/646-2532 Fax: 603/646-2122 E-Mail: patricia.m.anderson@dartmouth.edu Kristin Butcher Department of Economics Wellesley College 106 Central Street Wellesley, MA 02481 Tel: 781/283-2179 Fax: 781/283-2177 E-Mail: kbutcher@wellesley.edu Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach School of Education and Social Policy Northwestern University Annenberg Hall, Room 205 2120 Campus Drive Evanston, IL 60208 Tel: 847/491-3884 E-Mail: dws@northwestern.edu M1 - published as Patricia M. Anderson, Kristin F. Butcher, Diane Whitemore Schanzenbach. "Childhood Disadvantage and Obesity: Is Nurture Trumping Nature?," in Jonathan Gruber, editor, "The Problems of Disadvantaged Youth: An Economic Perspective" University of Chicago Press (2009) M3 - presented at "Conference on Disadvantaged Youth", April 13-14, 2007 AB - Obesity has been one of the fastest growing health concerns among children, particularly among disadvantaged children. For children overall, obesity rates have tripled from 5% in the early 1970s to about 15% by the early 2000s. For disadvantaged children, obesity rates are closer to 20%. In this paper, we first examine the impact of various measures of disadvantage on children's weight outcomes over the past 30 years, finding that the disadvantaged have gained weight faster. Over the same period, adult obesity rates have grown, and we expect parental obesity to be closely tied to children's obesity, for reasons of both nature and nurture. Thus, examining changes in the parent-child correlation in BMI should give us some insight into the ways in which the environment that parents and children share has affected children's body mass, or into how the interaction of genes and environment has changed. We find that the elasticity between mothers' and children's BMI has increased since the 1970s, suggesting that shared genetic-environmental factors have become more important in determining obesity. Despite the faster weight gain for the disadvantaged, there appears to be no clear difference for by disadvantaged group in either the parent-child elasticity or in identifiable environmental factors. On average, the increases in parents' BMI between the early 1970s and the early 2000s can explain about 37 percent of the increase in children's BMI. Although common environmental/genetic factors play a larger role now than in earlier time periods, child specific environments such as schools and day care play a potentially important role in determining children's health status. ER -